بررسي و نقد كتاب «پوزيتيويسم منطقي»

Review and critic of book of Logical philosophy

ﭘﻮزﻳﺘﻴﻮﻳﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻧﺎم ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﺎورِ رادﻳﻜﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻬﺎم از اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻴﻮم، راﺳﻞ و وﻳﺘﮕﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ در 1920 اﺑﺘـﺪا در وﻳـﻦ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻛﺘﺎب زﺑﺎن،ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ [ﺻﺪق] و ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن وارد ﺷـﺪ. داﻋﻴـﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ از ﻣﻴﺪان ﺑﺪر ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺎﺑﻌﺪاﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﻲ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ اﺳﺖ. ﺳﺨﻨﮕﻮﻳﺎن و ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎن اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻃﺮز ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻫﻴﻮم از ﮔﺰاره ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ دو ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﺮ آن ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺑﻌﺪاﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ اﻟﻬﻴﺎت و ﺣﺘﻲ اﺧـﻼق را ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮان در ﺷﻤﺎر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ذﻫﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺸﻤﺎر آورد. ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻛﺘﺎب ﭘﻮزﻳﺘﻴﻮﻳﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎ در ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ اﻳـﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻧﺪ و ﻳﺎ در ﻧﻘﺪ آﻣﻮزه ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ آن ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي، ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ آﻣﻮزه ﻫﻢ از ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎت دروﻧﻲ رﻧﺞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮد و ﻫﻢ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻣﺪﻋﻴﺎت اﺻﻠﻲ آن ﻧـﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﻴﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻲ اﺧﻼق، دﻳﻦ و ﺣﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ اﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ.

The logical positivism was the name of radical empiricism that formed in Viena by inspiration of persons like Hume,Russell, Witgenstein and others in 1920 and then entered into England by Ayer via his The language,True and Logic.The main claim of this philosophical movement is to exclude metaphysics as a kind of knowledge. Spokesmans and agents of this way of thinking by accepting Hume’s division of propositions into Analytic and synthetical, are believed that not only metaphysics but theology and morals can not be counted as scientific mental actions. The writer of logical positivism tried by means of translation of some articles represents and critics its main doctrins like verifiability.