كليدواژه :
سبك تعليم , آموزش , ايران , كودك و نوجوان , تعليم و تربيت
چكيده فارسي :
در جهان باستان، نگرش به كودك، با هدف آموزش و تعليم او براي بزرگسالي استوار بود. ايرانيان باستان كودكان و نوجوانان را گرامي ميداشتند و به تربيت آنان اهميت بسيار ميدادند. ايرانيان سنين بين هفت تا پانزده‌سالگي را سن شناخت عقلي ميناميدند و در اين‌سالها نوآموزان، افزون بر تعليم دانشهاي ديني، طبيعي، ادبيات خواندن و نوشتن و آشنايي با رسم خطهاي گوناگون، تاريخ يا كارنامه (داستان زندگي شخصيتهاي تاريخي)، كمان‌وري، سواركاري و سپاهيگري، سرود (شعر و چكامه) همآوازي با موسيقي، نواختن چنگ و ديگر سازها، ستاره‌شناسي، شطرنج و تمرين راستگويي و دبيري، نيز آشنا ميشدند. دارندگان هر پيشه‌اي فرزندانشان را براي پيش گرفتن پيشۀ پدري خود تعليم ميدادند. با اينهمه دولت براي آموزش و پرورش كودكان بي‌سرپرست و نيز پسراني كه بايد در آينده كارهاي بزرگ را برعهده ميگرفتند، استاداني ميفرستاد كه مزد ميگرفتند. در يونان و مصر و هند و چين نيز آموزش الزامي بود، مقالۀ حاضر تلاش دارد تا دگرگوني و سيرتحول و تطور سبك و شيوۀ سامانۀ آموزشي كودك و نوجوان را از دوران باستان تاكنون بررسي كند.
چكيده لاتين :
In ancient Persia, attitude to children, to train him for the future and adulthood was based. Ancient Iranians would celebrate children and young people and the education of their children were important. Iranians between seven and fifteen years of age called rational knowledge and learners in these years, in addition to learning religious sciences, natural, literature, literacy and familiarity with different lines drawing, history or career (life stories of historical figures), arrow shooting, Horseback Riding and "Siah gari", song (lyrics and odes) "Hamavaz" with music, playing the harp and other musical instruments, astronomy, chess and practicing honesty and teachers, were familiar. Holders of any offer them their children were taught to advance the profession by his father. However, the government orphanages for education and sons who must undertake great things in the future, sending professors who were hired. The Greeks believed that education is necessary. For children and adolescents with knowledge of the culture, learn the behaviors proportionate response to public life. Wealthy students continued their studies at universities in the major cities. Greek boys not to fill job positions, but also for the citizens of studying effectiveness. In Egypt, China and India as well as religious institutions with the aim of religious education in all historical periods have played a role. At the end of the twentieth century, the belief . became the world's need for literacy. This article attempts to transformation and evolution from ancient times until now review the education system.
