پي ريزي توابع انتقالي طيفي نقطه اي در برآورد فرسايش پذيري خاك در گستره VIS-NIR-SWIR

Developing Point Spectro Transfer Functions in Soil Erodibility Prediction in VIS-NIR-SWIR Rang

استفاده از انعكاس طيفي خاك در دامنه 350 تا 2500 نانومتر و توابع طيفي حاصل از آن به عنوان روشي سريع، كم مخرب و تاحدي كم هزينه در برآورد ويژگي هاي ديريافت خاك مرسوم شده است، وليكن تاكنون از اين روش در برآورد فرسايش پذيري استفاده نشده است. لذا هدف از اين مطالعه، پي ريزي توابع انتقالي طيفي نقطه اي خاك و مقايسه آن با توابع انتقالي خاك و رابطه ي ويشماير و اسميت (1978) در برآورد فرسايش پذيري است. براي اين منظور فرسايش پذيري با استفاده از 40 كرت استاندارد در بالادست سد سيوند و با استفاده از باران طبيعي و منحنيهاي بازتاب طيفي با استفاده از دستگاه اسپكترومتر زميني و در شرايط نور طبيعي اندازه گيري شد. نتايج نشان داد ميانگين فرسايش پذيري اندازه گيري شده (mm-1 t h MJ−1 0/014) حدود 18/2 برابر كمتر از ميانگين فرسايش پذيري برآورد شده حاصل از رابطه ي ويشماير و اسيمت (mm-1t h MJ−1 0/030) بود. بر خلاف رابطه ي ويشماير و اسميت كه در آن كربنات كلسيم معادل در نظر گرفته نشده است، در تابع انتقالي پي ريزي شده اين ويژگي به عنوان متغير موثر وارد مدل شد. با بررسي همبستگي بين فرسايش پذيري و بازتاب هاي طيفي، طيف هاي مرئي (532 ،622)، مادون قرمز كوتاه (14422227، 2327 و 2343 نانومتر) جهت پي ريزي توابع انتقالي طيفي نقطه اي انتخاب شدند. بر اساس آماره هاي ارزيابي R2 ، RMSE و ME، توابع انتقالي خاك كارآيي بالاتري نسبت به توابع انتقالي طيفي و رابطه ي ويشماير و اسميت در برآورد فرسايش پذيري داشت. تابع انتقالي طيفي نقطه اي با داشتن مقداري اريبي در تخمين ها كارآيي بالاتري نسبت به رابطه ي ويشماير و اسميت در برآورد فرسايش پذيري داشت.

Introduction: Soil erodibility (K factor) is generally considered as soil sensitivity to erosion and is highly affected by different climatic, physical, hydrological, chemical, mineralogical and biological properties. This factor can be directly determined as the mean rate of soil loss from standard plots divided by erosivity factor. Since measuring the erodibility factor in the field especially watershed scale is time-consuming and costly, this factor is commonly estimated by pedotransfer functions (PTFs) using readily available soil properties. Wischmeier and Smith (1978) developed an equation using multiple linear regressions (MLR) to estimate erodibility factor of the USA using some readily available soil properties. This equation has been used to estimate K based on soil properties in many studies. As using PTFs in large sales is limited due to cost and time of collecting samples, recently soil spectroscopy technique has been widely used to predict certain soil properties using Point SpectroTransfer Functions (PSTFs). PSTFs use the correlation between soil spectra in Vis-NIR (350-2500 nm) and certain soil properties. The objective of this study was to develop PSTFs and PTFs for soil erodibility factor prediction in the Simakan watershed Fars, Iran. Materials and Methods: The Semikan watershed, which mainly has calcareous soil with more than 40% lime (total carbonates), is located in the central of Fars province, between 30°06'-30°18'N and 53°05'-53°18'E (WGS′ 1984, zone 39°N) with an area of about 350 km2. For this study, 40 standard plots, which are 22.1×1.83 m with a uniform ploughed slope of 9% in the upslope/downslope direction, were installed in the slopes of 8-10% and the deposit of each plot was collected after rainfall. From each plot three samples were sampled and some physicochemical properties including soil texture, organic matter, water aggregate stability, soil permeability, pH, EC were analyzed Spectra of the air-dried and sieved soil samples were recorded in the Vis-NIR-SWIR (350 to 2500 nm) range at 1.4- to 2-nm sampling intervals in a standard and controlled dark laboratory environment using a portable spectroradiometer apparatus (FieldSpec 3, Analytical Spectral Device, ASD Inc.). Some bands which had the highest correlation with K factor were chosen as input parameter for developing PSTFs. A stepwise multiple linear regression method was used for developing PTFs and SPTFs. R2, RMSE and ME were used for comparing PTFs and SPTFs. Results and Discussion: The K values varied from 0.005 to 0.023 t h MJ−1 mm−1 with an average standard deviation of 0.014 and of 0.003 t h MJ−1 mm−1, respectively. The K estimated by Wischmeier and Smith (1978) equation varied from 0.015 to 0.045 t h MJ−1 mm−1 with an average of 0.030 t h MJ−1 mm−1. There was a significant difference (p