ﻋﻀﻮﮔﯿﺮي در دﺳﺘﻮر ﮐﻼم: راﻫﮑﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﮥ دﺳﺘﻮر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ و دﺳﺘﻮر ﻣﻌﺘﺮﺿﻪ

Cooptation in Discourse Grammar: A Reconciliation Process between Sentence Grammar and Thetical Grammar

دﺳﺘﻮر ﮐﻼم ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺮدازش ﮐﻼم را ﺑﻪ دو ﺣﻮزة ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ وﻟﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ واﮔﺬار ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ: ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺣﻮزة دﺳﺘﻮر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻬﺪهدار اﺑﻌﺎد ﺻﻮرت و ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ و ﭼﯿﻨﺶ اﺟﺰاي آن اﺳﺖ، دوم ﺣﻮزة دﺳﺘﻮر ﻣﻌﺘﺮﺿﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎندﻫﯽ ﮐﻼم در ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪه دارد و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ زﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﻓﺮازﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻼم ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد. ﻋﻀﻮﮔﯿﺮي ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪواﺳﻄﮥ آن ﯾﮏ ﺗﮑﻪ از ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﯾﮏ ﺑﻨﺪ، ﮔﺮوه، واژه ﯾﺎ واﺣﺪي دﯾﮕﺮ، ﻣﺜﻼً ﯾﮏ ﻗﻄﻌﮥ ﻣﺘﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻫﯿﭻ ﺳﺎزة ﻧﺤﻮي دﯾﮕﺮي را ﻧﺪارد، از ﺣﻮزة دﺳﺘﻮر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وارد ﺣﻮزة دﺳﺘﻮر ﻣﻌﺘﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ رﻣﺰﮔﺬاري ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﮐﻼم ﺑﭙﺮدازد ﮐﻪ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺣﻮزة دﺳﺘﻮر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺮاي آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ و ﯾﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ، ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﭼﻮن ﺳﺎزﻣﺎندﻫﯽ ﻣﺘﻦ، ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺨﻨﮕﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﺎن ﻧﻈﺮات ﺳﺨﻨﮕﻮ. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﮥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﭘﺲ از ﺿﺒﻂ دادهﻫﺎي ﮔﻔﺘﺎري روزﻣﺮه ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ در ﯾﮏ دورةﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﺎﻫﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ5 ﻫﺰار ﺟﻤﻠﮥ زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ، ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ از ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎروﺷﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪة ﻋﻀﻮﮔﯿﺮي، ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻋﻀﻮﮔﯿﺮي را ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﮔﺰﯾﺪه ﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ اﻧﻮاع آﻧﯽ، ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻨﺪ و ﻗﺎﻟﺒﯽ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن، اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﯿﺮيِ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﮔﻔﺘﮥ )ﭘﺎره ﮔﻔﺖ( ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎنِ ﺧﻮد و ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد. در ﺿﻤﻦ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ اﻧﮕﯿﺰه ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﭼﻮن ﭘﺮدازش ذﻫﻨﯽ و رﻗﯿﺐ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد و ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﮔﻮﻧﮕﯽ، در ﮐﻨﺎر دﯾﮕﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﻋﻀﻮﮔﯿﺮي، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ روﺷﻦﺗﺮي از اﯾﻦ ﺳﺎزوﮐﺎر اراﺋﻪ ﮐﺮد. درواﻗﻊ، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﻧﮕﯿﺰهﻫﺎي رﺧﺪاد ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﻋﻀﻮﮔﯿﺮي و ﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از آن را ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺎن ﻣﯽﺳﺎزد.

Discourse Grammar treats two separate but interrelated domains for discourse processing: Sentence Grammar (SG) and Thetical Grammar (TG). The former deals with the structure and meaning of sentences while the latter deals with the organization of discourse at the level beyond the sentence as well as the relationship between linguistic materials and the contextual situation of discourse. Cooptation as a cognitive process mediates between these two domains of language use. It encompasses linguistic elements such as a clause, phrase, word or other chunks of a text located in Sentence Grammar domain are transferred to the domain of TG providing a tool for coding components of the situation of discourse for which SG seems unable to facilitate the discourse function required. The present study investigates the process of cooptation and some unknown issues related to it. Moreover, it divides coopted units according to their structures of instantaneous, constructional and formulaic types. As far as their placement is concerned, coopted units can anchor either in their host utterance or in their context in four ways. In addition, certain motivations including mental processing, economy and iconicity are required in order to cooptation being operationalized. These motivations interact and compete with each other to organize the discourse in an appropriate way