كليدواژه :
مرگ , ايدئولوژي , استعاره , نظريه گفتماني استعاره , شاملو , توللي
چكيده لاتين :
1- Introduction
In the present article, the writer tries to investigate poems of contemporary poets
such as Ahmad Shamloo and Fereydoon Tavallali regarding the effects of different
ideologies of these two poets on the construction of conceptual metaphors of death.
The goal of writer in selection of these two poets in present research is that they lived
in the same social world and in the same period. The political, social and cultural
worlds of the two poets are alike, but their worldview and ideology are different. The
main questions are: Do the different ideologies of poets effect on the production of
conceptual metaphors of death? To which semantic fields do source domains of
conceptual metaphors of death in poems of poets belong?
2- Theoretical Framework
Cognitive semantics therefore conceals a dimension of metaphor that is revealed by
critical metaphor analysis; this is the way that metaphor selection in particular types
of discourse is governed by the rhetorical aim of persuasion. In many cases,
therefore, metaphor choice is motivated by ideology. The same notions could have
been communicated using a different metaphor had the ideology been different and
the same metaphors can also be employed in different ways according to ideological
perspective. Since situational context plays such a dominant role in metaphor, a
semantic view of metaphor must always be complemented by a pragmatic one.’ This
perspective does not exclude neither cognitive nor semantic views of metaphor, but
it does claim that metaphor choices may be governed by cognitive, semantic, and
pragmatic considerations and by ideological, cultural and historical ones. The
discourse theory of metaphor claims that both individual and social resources
influence metaphor choice in discourse. Individual resources can be sub-divided into
three components: our thoughts, feelings and bodily experiences of the world; our
understanding of what will be effective in particular contexts of use; and our
knowledge of the linguistic system – of lexical fields and the various word senses
that are available. The social bases for metaphor choice are ideological outlook –
primarily political or religious viewpoint – and historical and cultural knowledge. 3- Methodology
The research methodology is based on correlation between ideology as a social
variable and metaphor as a semantic variable. The writer tries to investigate the
relationship between ideology and conceptual metaphors of death based on discourse
theory of metaphor in order to determine the degree of effects of ideology on the
choice of metaphor. The research corpus includes all poems of Ahmad Shamloo and
Fereydoon Tavallali. Poems of Shamloo and Tavallali include 17 and 6 collections
of poetry, respectively.
4- Results and Discussion
The results of research indicate that the majority of conceptual metaphors of death
in poems of Shamloo is related to nature, family, and music. The life situations of
Shamloo can be displayed based on three global ones: when Shamloo as a young
man entered the social world, he has chosen the policy of fighting and Jihad against
wrongdoing rulers of Pahlavi and he always called his co-fighters for the battle. So,
in this situation which is represented in collections of poetry such as irons and
feeling, resolution, Ayda in mirror and Ayda, tree, dagger and memory, Shamloo
portrayed immortality of death in most cases and he believed that death in the way
of ideology is the most beautiful one. The second situation has happened in this way
that Shamloo has lost his helpers in the way of fighting and he suffers from
cowardice of people. Such a situation in the life of the poet has resulted in the
formation of conceptual metaphor including death as an awesome expectation that
Shamloo wishes to embrace like a woman. However, the third situation appears after
these frustrations and when Shamloo seeks to resort to his love (Ayda). This lovely
situation in the life of Shamloo results in the formation of conceptual metaphors
including Death as a husband of love, Death as a sister of love and Death and Love
as a king; and the dark symphony of jasmines and cedars results in mixing of sorrow
and pleasure.
However, the third situation has appeared after this frustration and seeking refuge
of Shamloo toward love (Ayda). Such a lovely situation in the life of the poet has
resulted in formation of conceptual metaphors including Death as a husband of love,
Death as a sister of love and Death and Love as a king which dark symphony of
jasmines and cedars has resulted in mixing of sorrow and pleasure. Source domains
of conceptual metaphors in poetic collections of Tvallali including semantic fields
of wild animals such as black torpedo, hungry torpedo, snake, black monster, owl,
leopard, semantic fields of demon such as demon, devil, and also semantic fields of
nature such as the elusive wave of mortality, haste and defeat valley, silent plains
and cavern indicate that Tavallali has been affected by Baudelaire’s thought, and
black and emotionally oriented romanticism.
5- Conclusion
Research data indicate that the role of pragmatic factors in the production and
selection of metaphor in poems of Shamloo is prominent. However, about emotive
function in the production and selection of conceptual metaphors of death, it can be
said that streaks of emotions and feelings in poems of Shamloo play an important role in the production of conceptual metaphors of death. The writer has not observed
the effects of emotions and feelings of Tavallali in the production of conceptual
metaphors of death. Therefore, the results of research indicate that ideology plays an
important role in the production and selection of metaphors in literary texts and also
individual resources such as cognitive and affective, pragmatic and linguistic factors
play important roles, too.
