چكيده لاتين :
1-Introduction
Language learning is one of the most complex issues in teaching a foreign language.
Prepositions having different meanings in different contexts are mostly problematic
issues for both language instructors and non-Persian learners. Although prepositions
are frequently used in Persian textbooks and daily conversations, learners fail to
incidentally acquire them and often show low achievements in using them correctly.
The strategy commonly employed by language instructors is teaching the multiple
senses of prepositions by rote learning (Song, 2013). Rote learning lacks
comprehensive analysis of different concepts of prepositions. Hence, students have
to memorize them merely by repetition. In contrast, Cognitive Linguistics (CL)
suggests a different approach to teaching prepositions that may have a strong impact
on the methodologies of foreign language teaching and meaningful learning (Song,
2013). Compared to traditional approaches, cognitive linguistics offers an account
of language structure that is arguably more comprehensive (Langacker, 1995). It
opens up a new perspective of the CL-inspired meaningful learning approach on
language teaching demonstrating the unification of the integrated model of text and
picture for comprehension (the ITPC model). It also integrates the new knowledge
with related prior knowledge in the cognitive structure of the learner mind (Ausubel,
2000). In addition, the ITPC model illustrates thoroughly how information is
processed through each stage of the cognitive procedure. Prepositions are considered
as having different meanings that are presented in a very systematized and related way
in this model that in turns provides a fruitful basis for explaining the use of
prepositions in different contexts. Thus, it seems to have a great effect on the methods
of foreign language teaching and learning (Song, 2013).
The present study focuses on the preposition, "Az" which is frequently used for
presenting spatial meaning. So, the aim of the study is to provide an instructional
syllabus based on cognitive semantics perspective for teaching different senses of this preposition to non- Persian speakers (in intermediate level). This preposition has
26 different usages as illustrated in Farhange Sokhane Anvari (2003). We have
determined its prototype and different meanings based on this dictionary and the
criteria of Tyler and Evans (2003). For this purpose, some sentences and phrases
including this preposition were selected from non-Persian speaker’s textbooks in
Jameat-almostafa center of Mashhad. According to Farhange Sokhane Anvari
(2003), the first usage of this preposition is to show the “source” as far as the spatial
and metaphoric concept is concerned. In this study, we introduced a suggested model
of teaching in its abstract spatial usage. The proposed instructional method is an
integrated model of text and picture (by PowerPoint and poster) for teaching
semantic structure of the preposition, regarding its central and other meanings. The
use of images, containing sensory and perceptual experiences of students, can make
meaningful relationship between their new and previous knowledge. The findings
open up an effective perspective in teaching and meaningful learning of this
preposition for non-native speakers.
2- Theoretical Framework
Cognitive linguistics is one of the new schools of Linguistics derived from new
cognitive sciences. In their interactions with environment, human beings perceive
one thing in terms of another thing metaphorically. This is known as
“conceptualization” in which abstract meanings are discovered based on their
physical counterparts. We assume that a preposition designates a conceptual
spatial relation between a TR (trajectory) and an LM (landmark), which constitutes
an abstract spatial scene. Conceptual content can be abstracted away from
specific spatial scenes, giving rise to a more abstract representation, which is
called a proto-scene. A proto-scene is associated with prototype of a particular
preposition. According to Langacker (1987), an image schema includes a trajectory,
a landmark, and relationship between the trajectory and the landmark. Thus,
prepositions are able to extend the spatial senses to their abstract senses by
metaphorical mappings.
3- Methodology
In this study, first, according to the criteria of Tyler and Evans (2003), prototype and
different meanings of preposition “Az” were selected from Farhang Sokhan (Anvari,
2003). Then, some sentences and phrases containing the preposition were
investigated by random sampling in the textbooks of Jameat-Al-Mostafa center in
Mashhad. Finally, a suggested model was introduced
for teaching the Persian preposition "Az” to non-native speakers, based on the
domain theory of Langacker (1987) and the notion of image schemas (Lakoff &
Johnson, 1987). The proposed instructional method is an integrated model of text
and picture (by PowerPoint and poster) for teaching semantic structure of the
preposition, regarding its central and other meanings.
At the end of each session, the related exercises were given to the students including
multiple choice, filling the gap, and matching. 4- Results and Discussion
Based on the cognitive approach, the prototype meaning of preposition “Az” is the
“source” in which trajectory (TR) runs away from landmark (LM). In the present
study, the focus was on high frequency concepts, such as “source” and “part of
whole”. In the first session, an interesting prologue was used to attract students.
Since the image schema of ”Az”, is “source”, explain it’s spatial and abstract
meanings. In the second session, another concept of it, “part of whole” is explained
for spatial and abstract meanings. Finally, students should do the exercises.
5- Conclusion and Suggestions
This study focused on a cognitive approach to teaching Persian prepositions to nonnative speakers. In cognitive approach, learning has more effects on knowledge
acquisition in constructing cognitive schemata. In this approach, students can
integrate new knowledge with relevant prior knowledge, so learning is meaningful
and satisfying. In the present study, an instructional model for teaching two different
concepts of preposition “Az” in the spatial and abstract domains are presented.
Future studies are required to investigate other prepositions as well as their different
meanings.
