كليدواژه :
پياده روي , عوامل محيطي , عوامل كالبدي - فضايي , پياده روي كاري , پياده روي تفريحي
چكيده فارسي :
مبحث پياده روي و تأمين محيط هاي مناسب براي ترغيب و گسترش ميزان پياده روي به عنوان يكي از راهبردهاي اصلي ارتقاي كيفيت محيط در شهرها تبديل شده است. امري كه در پي تأييد تأثيرات مثبت پياده روي بر سلامت شهروندان، كاهش ترافيك و آلودگي ها و مراودات اجتماعي افراد در پژوهش هاي مختلف، مداوماً رو به گسترش بوده است. با توجه به اين كه اهداف شهروندان از پياده روي با يكديگر متفاوت ميباشد و در حالي كه وجوه مختلف محيط در ترغيب شهروندان به پياده روي در عرصه هاي شهري اثرگذاري متفاوتي دارند، پژوهش حاضر در جست وجوي تبيين چگونگي اثرگذاري ويژگي هاي كالبدي _ فضايي محلات مسكوني بر ميزان پياده روي شهروندان بوده و در پي پاسخ به اين سئوالات است كه ابعاد كالبدي_فضايي محلات مسكوني بر چه جنبه هايي از پياده روي افراد تأثير بيشتري دارند؟ و در اين صورت كدام يك از عوامل كالبدي_فضايي محيط ساخته شده بيشترين تأثير را بر ميزان پياده روي دارند؟ در اين پژوهش پس از مطالعات نظري پيرامون شاخص هاي كالبدي_فضايي شهر و پياده روي شهروندان و تدوين مدل مفهومي تحقيق، ميزان پياده روي ساكنان سه محله واقع در شهر نوشهر استان مازندران (مطالعه موردي تحقيق) بر حسب دو نوع پيادهروي كاري و تفريحي از طريق پرسشنامه مورد پرسش و ارزيابي قرار گرفت. سپس همپيوندي آنها با فاكتورهاي كالبدي فضايي منتج از مطالعات نظري (از حيث شدت تأثيرپذيري) از طريق رگرسيون خطي چند متغيره سنجيده شد. نتايج يافتههاي پژوهش نشان داد كه متغيرهاي كالبدي_فضايي شكل شهر تنها بر ميزان پياده روي تفريحي به صورت معناداري تأثيرگذارند (فرضيه نخست). دليل اين امر ميتواند اين باشد كه پياده روي كاري جزو فعاليتهاي ضروري افراد است و فرد در هر شرايطي ناگزير به انجام آن است؛ بنابراين محيط تأثير كمتري بر ميزان پياده روي كاري دارد. در صورتيكه پياده روي تفريحي جنبه حياتي نداشته و در شرايطي انجام ميگيرد كه زمينه مطلوب براي آنها فراهم باشد؛ در نتيجه شرايط محيط و شكل شهر ميتواند تأثير زيادي بر انجام آن بگذارد. همچنين آناليز واريانس يافته ها نشان داد كه عوامل كاربري، تراكم و دسترسي (در بين عوامل كالبدي_فضايي شهر) بيشترين هم پيوندي را با ميزان پياده روي شهروندان دارند(فرضيه دوم).
چكيده لاتين :
The issue of waking and providing suitable environments to encourage walking level has become one of the main strategies to improve quality of environment in cities. The issue is constantly attracting much more attention as it has been confirmed that walking has positive effects on citizens’ health, reducing traffic and pollution and increasing social interaction between people. Planning and design approaches that focus on sustainability, density, security, etc. consider walkability of urban spaces as an available strategy for achieving these concepts. Many prior surveys have considered the level of walking and walkability of urban spaces as an important factor in sociability and quality of urban spaces. Although prior surveys have generally focused on determining physical and spatial dimensions effective on walking, the effect of each physical and spatial factor in different urban areas (residential, downtown…) on different types of walking (business and recreational) is not the same.
Since people walk for different objectives and as various aspects of the built environment have different effects on encouraging people to walk in urban environments, this study tries to seek how spatial-physical factors influence the walking level of citizens at residential districts. This research poses two main questions: which aspects of people’s walking are affected by physical-special factors of residential districts? Which physical-special factors have more impact on the level of walking? In this research, theoretical studies on the spatial-physical factors of urban areas and walking indicators revealed that several environmental factors are effective on the walking level of people including continuity of paths, mixed usage, quality of paths, safety and security, beauty and desirability, and residential density. These factors are in a way parts of the wider spatial system of a city (or are affected by them). This wider system includes type of components, quantity of components, density, context, structure and spatial distribution. After developing the conceptual model of the research, the walking level of residents (business and recreational walking) in three neighborhoods of Nowshahr was evaluated through a questionnaire. Then its relationship with spatial-physical factors resulting from theoretical studies was measured through multivariate linear regression.
The results of the study showed a significant relationship between spatial-physical variables of urban neighborhoods and recreational walking (first hypothesis). The reason for this could be that business walking is a required activity for individuals which should be done in all circumstances regardless of the environment. However, recreational walking is not an obligation and is encouraged in favorable contexts and conditions, so environmental conditions and form of urban areas can significantly affect it. ANOVA results also indicated high correlation between walking level of citizens and land use, density and accessibility factors among the physical-spatial factors of the city (second hypothesis). Accordingly, urban physical-spatial features that represent mixed use, physical density and more pedestrian roads will be more favorable because in this case the rate of recreational walking will increase significantly.
