پديد آورندگان :
محمدنياي قرائي، فاطمه دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي , رفيعيان، مجتبي دانشگاه تربيت مدرس - دانشكده هنر و معماري - گروه شهرسازي , نقي زاده، محمد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي
كليدواژه :
خلوت , ازدحام , خرده فرهنگ , زنان ايراني , محيط شهري
چكيده فارسي :
خلوت، فرآيندي براي تعيين مرز ميان افراد است و فرد به واسطه آن بر تعامل خود با ديگران نظارت مي كند. نياز به خلوت در انسان ها عموميت دارد ولي شيوه پاسخ به آن متأثر از متغيرهايي چون فرهنگ، سن، جنس، محيط فيزيكي و... است. تفاوت اين نياز از فرهنگي به فرهنگ ديگر سبب مي¬شود برخي از فرهنگ ها ميل بيشتري به خلوت نسبت به سايرين داشته باشند. تفاوت ها در ميل به خلوت جويي صرفاً محدود به فرهنگ ها نمي شود، بلكه خرده فرهنگ ها را نيز در بر مي گيرد. ايران، از جمله كشورهايي است كه داراي خرده فرهنگ هاي متنوع با حالت هاي مختلف پاسخگويي به خلوت است. اما تاكنون تحقيقاتي در زمينه بررسي تفاوت ها و شباهت هاي ميان خرده فرهنگ هاي اين كشور در ميل به خلوت¬جويي و سازوكارهاي رسيدن به آن در محيط هاي شهري انجام نشده است. از اين رو، اين مقاله به دنبال بررسي تفاوت هاي بين فرهنگي ميان زنان گيلكي، كرد، آذري و يزدي در ميل به خلوت جويي و ادراك ازدحام است. براي رسيدن به اين اهداف از ابزار پرسشنامه استفاده گرديد. حدود هزار و 174 زن پرسش شونده به صورت اتفاقي در پارك هاي شهر (رشت)، ملت (سنندج)، باغميشه (تبريز) و آزادگان (يزد) براي تكميل پرسشنامه انتخاب شدند. اين پرسشنامه توسط آزمون هاي خي دو (Chi-square Test)، ضريب همبستگي پيرسون (Pearson Correlation Coefficient)، تحليل واريانس يك طرفه (Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)) و تحليل واريانس چند متغيره (Multivariate Mnalysis of Variance (MANOVA)) مورد تحليل قرار گرفت. نتايج تحقيق نشان دهنده آن است كه سطح خلوت مطلوب در زنان يزدي و آذري بيشتر از ساير زنان است. در صورتي كه خلوت كسب شده در زنان گيلكي بيش از ساير خرده فرهنگ-هاست. به عبارتي، يزدي ها (صحرايي گرم و خشك) و آذري ها (كوهستاني سرد) در زمره فرهنگ هاي غيرارتباطي و گيلكي ها (معتدل خزري) و كردها (كوهستاني بسيار سرد) در زمره فرهنگ هاي ارتباطي اند. صرف نظر از نوع فرهنگ، سطح خلوت مطلوب و كسب شده به ادراك ازدحام افراد وابسته است.
چكيده لاتين :
Privacy is conceived of as an interpersonal boundary process by which a person or group
regulates interaction with others. The desire for privacy is a public deed, but it is related
to variables such as culture, age, gender, personality, and physical environment. It appears
that some cultures have a stronger preference for privacy and have more privacy needs
than others. The differences in desire for privacy are not limited only to cultures, they
actually exists in sub-cultures too. Iran has many sub-cultures which respond to privacy
differently, but there have not been any research on the effect of culture on privacy. The
present paper focuses on how Iranian women in different sub-cultures look at surveillance
in their privacy. The primary purpose of this study is to examine whether women
in Iranian sub-cultures (Gilaki, Kurdish, Turkish and Yazdi women) differ in their desired
and achieved levels of privacy in parks. Another purpose of this study is to investigate
the relationship between the desired and achieved levels of privacy and the experience
of crowding in parks. The final purpose is to describe the cultural differences in the experience
of crowding between Gilaki, Kurdish, Turkish and Yazdi women. This research
uses a designed questionnaire to collect data. A number of 1173 women were randomly
selected in Shahr (Rasht), Mellat (Sanandaj), Baghmisheh (Tabriz), and Azadegan (Yazd)
parks. Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) tests were used to analyze the data. The
results revealed that women in Iranian sub-cultures significantly differ in their desired
privacy levels. Yazdi and Turkish women have higher needs for privacy (desired privacy)
in the public spaces than other women. However, Gilaki women’s achieved privacy level
is higher than that in other sub-cultures. On the other hand, the results indicate that Yazdi
women perceive urban parks as more crowded than others. In all the four subcultures,
women who find insufficient privacy in parks perceive the space of the park as more
crowded, compared to women who have reached a high and optimum level of privacy
in this space. Regardless of culture, women’s desired and achieved privacy levels are
related to the level of perceived crowding in public spaces. According to Hall (1966),
contact cultures are often found in tropical countries (Arabic countries, Mediterranean
area, Middle-East countries, and Eastern Europe) while non-contact cultures are usually
found in cold weather countries (north of Europe, north of America). Accordingly, Iran is regarded as having a contact culture. The results of this study, however, indicate that in different Iranian sub-cultures there are also differences in people’s tendency for privacy and social interaction in public places. There is no correlation between the results of this study and Hall’s taxonomy. Yazdi (dry and warm) and Turkish (cold, mountainous) people have non-contact cultures while Gilaki (Caspian mild) and Kurdish (very cold mountainous) people live in contact cultures. The main reason for this difference stems from the investigation of perceived crowdedness and tendency for privacy in public sphere. The behavior of Iranian women and their social interactions with others in public places are strongly affected by tradition and religion.
