تاثير دلبستگي به مكان بر سرمايه اجتماعي در محيط‌هاي مشترك همسايگي؛ نمونه موردي : مجتمع مسكوني نور در تهران

The Impact of Place Attachment on Social Capital in residential complex Neighborhoods Case Study: Nour Residential Complex in Tehran

فضاي باز در بافت‌هاي مسكوني فراتر از ديگر فضاهاي مشترك مورد توجه كاربران آن قرار دارد كه باعث شده در حوزه روان شناسي و جامعه‌شناسي محيط جايگاه ويژه‌اي پيدا كند. همگام با ابداع روش‌ها و نيز ارتقاي دانش در حوزه‌هاي علوم انساني و محيطي اين دو حوزه نيز با ظهور رويكردهاي مختلف، گاه متضاد و گاه مكمل رشد يافته‌اند. نقاط و مفاهيم مشترك در اين دو حوزه مي‌توانند راه را براي ارتباط دانش در ميان اين دو براي افزايش كيفيت محيط تسهيل كنند. در اين مقاله سعي شده تا يكي از مهمترين مفاهيم نهفته در حوزه روان شناسي محيط يعني دلبستگي مكاني براي افزايش سرمايه اجتماعي در محيط مورد بررسي قرار گيرد. معمولاً مطالعات در حوزه‌هاي فردي مانند دلبستگي مكاني و نيز معناي محيط به صورت فردي و يا تجربه و احساس فردي انجام شده و مطالعات در حوزه‌هاي جمعي نيز در روش‌ها و صورت‌هاي اجتماعي مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. در اين مقاله با محوريت بهبود سرمايه اجتماعي و دلبستگي مكاني سعي شده تا بر چندبعدي بودن اين موضوع توجه شود و نيز مدلي با كمك روش مدل¬يابي و موضوعات اثرگذار بر دلبستگي به مكان، براي تعريف ارتباط ميان سه مفهوم دلبستگي مكاني، مشاركت اجتماعي و سرمايه اجتماعي ارائه شود. براي آزمون اين مدل از پيمايش و روش تحليل "مدل يابي معادلات ساختاريافته" استفاده شده كه تكنيك تحليل نيرومندي از خانواده رگرسيون چندمتغيري است. در نهايت مشخص شد كه دلبستگي مكاني و مشاركت هر دو تأثير قابل ملاحظه‌اي بر سرمايه اجتماعي دارند و همچنين مشاركت تأثير زيادي بر تعلق دارد.

Residential and neighborhood open spaces are more than a simple space. They are the most important places for people living in urban areas and are part of their sense of living. The literature of neighborhood environments has always been attempting to describe neighborhoods in terms of the criteria of their overall quality. Social and individual attachment are two major factors having an important effect on the overall quality of residents’ lives. Psychological and sociological aspects of people’s behavior in these spaces are addressed in the disciplines of environmental psychology and sociology. These two knowledge areas have evolved with development of new methods and knowledge improvements. In these two disciplines, different and almost independent, sometimes contradicting, theories have been proposed to in a complementary way. Finding a relationship between the proposed theories in these two fields is rarely considered. Investigating one of the most important concepts in environmental psychology, i.e. place attachment, and using this concept to improve social life of residential neighborhoods, this paper tries to establish a link between these separate disciplines. Most studies conducted on place attachment and meaning of place have been at the individual level addressing mostly individual emotions and experiences. Also, in the social domain, only social emotions and experiences have been discussed. Focusing on social participation and place attachment, this research first tries to show the complexity and multi-dimensionality of these concepts and then attempts to from a framework for social planning in common areas like residential open spaces. Research method: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), as a vigorous regressive multivariate analysis technique, is used to examine the hypotheses in this research. SEM is a multivariate statistical analysis technique suitable for analyzing structural relationships. Its ability to define relationships between unobserved constructs (latent variables) and observable variables has made it a common justified method in social sciences. In the modeling method here, we use SEM that allows complex relationships between one or more independent variables and one or more dependent variables. Findings: Based on the findings, place attachment and participation have a significant impact on social capital. The direct correlation between participation and social capital is stronger than that of place attachment, showing higher significance of participation in affecting social capital. Participation has also a great impact on place attachment. Results: Place attachment is a complex process that significantly affects social factors. It spreads and gets shaped over time. It is not only the place, but also social relationships produced in that place that support the maintenance and development of local community relations. Places are formed by individuals, groups and neighborhoods, and neighborhood groups are shaped by their place. According to this research, certain places with a strong sense of identity, higher communication, social capital and collective actions such as participation create a higher sense of attachment in the residents.