بررسي احكام فقهي حقوقي خريد‌و‌فروش اعضاي بدن

A Jurisprudential Investigation of the Body Organ Trade

پيشرفت دانش پزشكي منجر به استفاده از اعضاي بدن در درمان برخي از بيماري‌هاي پيچيده و صعب‌العلاج شده است. اين پديدۀ نوظهور در فقه و حقوق شيعه مباحث و مناقشاتي را برانگيخته است. پرسش‌ اساسي فقه و حقوق دربارۀ مشروعيت فروش و اجارۀ اعضاي بدن به انسان‌ها به‌ويژه مسلمانان است كه آيا اين نوع بيع جايز است يا خير؟ اين مقاله در پيِ جستجوي پاسخي براي اين پرسش از منظر نصوص و ادلۀ شرعي بود و در آن، با روش توصيفي و تحليلي بررسي شد كه برخي از فقها با استناد به آيات و روايات و اجماع، اين نوع بيع را جزء مسائل مستحدثه باطل دانسته‌اند. در مقابل، برخي ديگر از فقيهان با تمسك به عمومات و اطلاقات آيات و روايات و با توجه به ترتب منفعت عقلايي بر اين نوع بيع و با استفاده از شمول و عمومات ادلۀ بيع، بر جواز و صحت بيع اشياي داراي منفعت و اغراض عقلايي تأكيد كرده‌اند. گروهي از فقيهان نيز قائل به تفصيل هستند. اين مقاله با نظر به پيشرفت دانش پزشكي و همگام بودن فقه شيعه با پيشرفت‌ علميِ سودمند و نيز با نظر به اهميت بهبود وضع سلامت مسلمانان در جامعۀ اسلامي، نظر صحت و جواز فقها را تقويت مي‌كند.

Progresses made in the medical sciences have led to the use of human body organs and the byproducts thereof in treating some of the complicated and hard-to-cure ailments. This newly emergent phenomenon has been the cause of discussions and debates in Shiite jurisprudence and law. The major question raised in jurisprudence and law concerns the legitimacy of the human body organs trade and leasing them to the other human beings, especially the Muslims and that is whether such a trade can be deemed permissible or not? This is a qualitative research done via library materials and books and articles. The present article sets an appropriate grounding upon which the foresaid question is put forth and the responses thereto will be searched from the perspective of the canonical texts and proofs. Basing their reasons on the verses and Narratives and consensuses, some jurisprudents have decreed that such a trade should be considered among the invalid recently-arisen issues. On the contrary, there are other jurisprudents that based on the generalities and the denotations derived from verses and Narratives and according to an intellectual merit of such sales and also by making use of inclusions and general topics opined in favor of such sales, have emphasized on the permissibility and the authenticity of purchasing and selling of profitable objects and the intellectually good outcomes of such trades. Taking into consideration the advances made in the medical sciences and the Shiite jurisprudence’s concordance with the useful scientific progresses and also according to the importance that is given to the improvement of the Muslims’ health statuses within Islamic communities, the current research paper supports the authenticity and permissibility of such a trade as opined by the proponent jurisprudents.