جستاري بر توسعه و رشد علوم كشاورزي در تمدن اسلامي : گياهشناسي و گياهان دارويي

Islamic philosopher’s aspects about agricultural sciences

آثار تاريخي نشان مي دهد كه كشاورزي، در تمدن هاي كهن، مهم ترين پيشه بوده است. با ظهور اسلام، نقش مسلمانان در توسعه و گسترش كشاورزي همانند نقش آنان در ساير علوم، پر رنگ تر شد. دانشمندان مسلمان زيادي در حوزه كشاورزي به پژوهش و تاليف پرداخته و سهم به سزايي را در توسعه اين دانش در عصر خويش تا امروز ايفا مي نمايند. علوم كشاورزي از جمله گياه شناسي از نخستين دانش هايي است كه در ميان مسلمانان رواج يافت. آنان در آشنا ساختن اروپائيان با بعضي انواع درختان و گياهان سهم قابل ملاحظه اي داشتند. به طوري كه نام بعضي از اين درختان و ميوه ها در اروپا هنوز حاكي از اصل شرقي آن هاست. همچنين مسلمانان در زمينه توسعه داروسازي نيز نقش مهمي داشتند. چرا كه آن ها اطلاعات زيادي در زمينه شناخت گياهان دارويي داشته و به آن به عنوان يكي از شاخه هاي فرعي علم پزشكي مي نگريستند. ايرانيان در اختراع ابزار و اسباب كار و تهيه آب و انبار كردن آذوقه و امثال آن سهم به سزايي در تمدن امروزي جهان دارند. آنان از قديم در فن احداث قنات تخصص داشتند و كتاب هاي بسياري درباره طرز استخراج آب هاي زيرزميني و كندن قنات نوشته اند. در عصر امويان بحث آبياري و كنترل آب هاي جاري بسيار مطرح و مورد توجه پژوهشگران آن دوره شمرده مي شد. شواهد تاريخي نشان مي دهد كه مسلمانان در تدريس گياهشناسي و تاليف كتب، تلاش فراواني نموده اند. آنان ابتدا ترجمه تاليفات ديسفوريدس و جالينوس و كتاب هاي هندي را انجام داده و سپس دست به پژوهش و تاليف اثر در اين زمينه زدند. به عنوان مثال محمدبن زكرياي رازي نه تنها در كارهاي مربوط به گياهان دارويي مطالعاتي عميق داشته، بلكه درباره فارماكولوژي نيز سرآمده بوده به طوري كه او حدود 630 گياه دارويي را در بخش بيست و يكم كتاب الحاوي خويش معرفي مي كند. در اين مقاله سعي شده است كه به صورت توصيفي و تحليلي به تأثير محققان اسلامي در پويايي علوم كشاورزي، پژوهش ها و نوآوري هاي مسلمانان در حوزه گياهشناسي و گياهان دارويي پرداخته شود.

The historical evidences have shown that farming was the most important job in ancient civilization. Before Islam, agriculture activities were down in low level in many parts of Saudi arabia due to lack of the knowledge about farming, irrigation and groundwater. After Islam revolution. Prophet always advise the Muslims to farming. These revolution had a new culture and civilization in all aspect of life especially in agriculture as a great gifts to humanity. Today we are heirs to a civilization that is the result of thousands of years of work and efforts of various nations, each one for a short time or a long, have the responsibility of pulling this civilization and this civilization have handed over to other nations. Many Muslim scholars in the field of agriculture began writing books and contributed to the development of the knowledge of his time and play today. Muslims in agricultural scientific movement acquaint Europe with some types of trees and plants were significant contribution. Agricultural science and botany of the knowledge that was common among Muslims and monuments of Iran's pre-Islamic texts suggest that agriculture was the most important business of the day. Undoubtedly, Muslims were the first people who invented pharmaceutical knowledge because they were eager to identify medicinal plants as a sub-discipline of medicine that viewed and finally were able to identify the plants in the field created a major scientific movement and provide valuable services. Muslims in agricultural scientific movement acquaint Europe with some types of trees and plants were significant contribution. Name some of these trees and fruit in Eastern Europe still showed their principle and finally be noted that in the invention of tools, toys and food preparation and storage, and so have contributed to the civilization of the world today. Iranian ancient aqueduct built in fan had written and practical expertise on how water extraction had been hidden and digging canals and today also gradually gotten Moghanian and water based on the same methods they use. In the era of the Umayyad discussion of current irrigation and water control and attention by the time counted was raised to the extent that one of the things that is considered to be the trappings of civilization, The running water control, and floods by building dams on the ground that the water used to irrigate agricultural land used and also prevent soil erosion and destruction to come. In this article try to introduce Islamic philosophers in agricultural developments and show theirs effects and creativities briefly.