پديد آورندگان :
مكاريان، حسن دانشگاه صنعتي شاهرود - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه زراعت , نصيري دهسرخي، عباس دانشگاه صنعتي شاهرود - دانشكده كشاورزي , شجاعي، حسن دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد دامغان , دماوندي، علي دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد دامغان - دانشكده كشاورزي , اخياني، احمد مركز تحقيقات كشاورزي سمنان (شاهرود)
چكيده فارسي :
به‌منظور بررسي اثرات محلول‌پاشي عنصر روي بر رشد و عملكرد ماش تحت تأثير تنش آب، آزمايشي به‌صورت كرت‌هاي خُرد‌شده در قالب طرح بلوك كامل تصادفي در چهار تكرار در مركز تحقيقات كشاورزي شاهرود در سال زراعي 91-1390 انجام شد. تيمارهاي آزمايش شامل تنش كم‌آبي در دو سطح: يك نوبت قطع آبياري در مرحله50درصد گلدهي، يك نوبت قطع آبياري در مرحله50درصد غلافدهي و شاهد (آبياري كامل)، به‌عنوان كرت اصلي و تيمارهاي محلول‌پاشي عنصر روي در كرت‌هاي فرعي در چهار سطح پنج و 10گرم در ليتر نانو اكسيد روي (Nano-ZnO) و پنج و 10گرم در ليتر اكسيد روي (Zno) و شاهد (بدون محلول‌پاشي) بودند. نتايج نشان داد محلول‌پاشي عنصر روي به شكل‌هاي معمولي و نانو، ارتفاع گياه، محتواي پرولين و عملكرد بيولوژيك و دانه را در حالت تنش خشكي و عدم تنش خشكي به‌طور معني‌داري افزايش داد. بيشترين تأثير عنصر روي بر گياه به‌ترتيب مربوط به كاربرد 10گرم نانواكسيد روي، 10گرم اكسيدروي، پنج گرم نانو اكسيد روي و پنج گرم اكسيد روي بود. محلول‌پاشي با 10گرم نانو ذرات اكسيد روي در شرايط عدم تنش، تنش در گلدهي و غلافدهي به‌ترتيب باعث افزايش 6/6 ، 3/6 و 5/4 درصدي عملكرد نسبت به عدم كاربرد آن گرديد. بر اساس نتايج اين پژوهش، محلول‌پاشي عنصر روي به‌صورت نانو ذرات نسبت به اكسيد روي معمولي تأثير بيشتري بر كاهش اثرات تنش خشكي در گياه ماش نشان داد
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is an important, environment friendly staple food legume with rich source of proteins, vitamins, and minerals for human. Drought stress is one of the most adverse factors of Mungbean growth and productivity. Proper nutrition under stress conditions could partly help the plant to tolerate different stresses. Zinc plays a key role in the synthesis of proteins, DNA, and RNA. By consumption of zinc, it is possible to improve the growth status of the plant in stress conditions. Various studies were carried out to understand the effect of nanoparticles on the growth of plants. For example, Hong et al. (2005) and Yang et al. (2006) reported that a proper concentration of nano-TiO2 was found to improve the growth of spinach by promoting photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. Nano-particles have high reactivity because of more specific surface area, more density of reactive areas, or increased reactivity of these areas on the particle surfaces. Thus, the objective of this research was to investigate the effect of foliar application of Zno2 in common and nanoparticles forms on growth traits and yield of mungbean (V. radiata L.) under drought stress condition.
Materials & Methods
Experiment was carried out as a split plot in complete randomized block design with four replications in Shahrood Agricultural Research Center during the growing season of 2011-2012. Water stress at three levels (control, cutting of irrigation in 50% flowering and 50% pod setting stages) were assigned as main plots and zinc oxide foliar application in five levels (control, 5 and 10 gl-1 nano sized zinc oxide and 5 and 10 gl-1 non-nano-scale zinc oxide) were randomized in sub-plots. According to soil analysis experiment results, the soil was loam and having pH=7.8; EC=1.5 (dS/m); 0.4% of organic carbon; 0.08% N; 10, 280 and 1.1 ppm of P, K and Zn respectively. Zinc spraying on leaves was done two times at 40 and 55 day after planting. The plots were 24 m2 with 6 sowing rows, 4 m long. Seeds were placed at 3 to 5 cm depth in each row. Irrigation operations were performed until the emergence once every 7 days. Afterwards at 50% flowering and 50% of pod formation stages, irrigation was disrupted. Intended traits were measured in the end of crop season. All data collected were subjected of analysis of variance (ANOVA) using MSTATC software procedure and the significant treatment means were separated using Duncan's multiple range test. Results & Discussion
Results showed that the drought stress at flowering and podding stages decreased the height, number of branches, chlorophyll a, b, grain and biological yield in comparison to control treatment significantly, but the effect of drought stress at podding stage was more than drought stress at flowering. Water deficit in the plant disrupts many cellular and whole plant functions, having a negative impact on plant growth and reproduction. Thus, it is one of the most yield limiting factors as it affects growth and development. Seed protein and proline content increased under drought stress significantly, while there was no significant difference for carotenoid content between treatments. Foliar application of Zinc in common and nanoparticles forms increased the height, proline content, grain and biological yield in comparison to control treatment significantly. The results showed that foliar application of 10 grams per liter nano zinc oxide in normal and drought stress at flowering and podding stages increased the grain yield by 6.6, 3.6 and 5.4 percent in comparison to no spraying treatments respectively. The maximum effects of Zinc on increasing of traits was found by foliar application of 10 grams per liter nano zinc oxide, 10 grams per liter zinc oxide, 5 grams per liter nano zinc oxide and 5 grams per liter zinc oxide respectively. With the completion of Micro-Nutrients consumption through spraying, the growth state of plant can be improved in stress conditions. Liu et al. (2005) reported that nano-Fe2O3 promoted the growth and photosynthesis of peanut. Prasad et al. (2012) reported that nano-scale zinc oxide particles increased stem and root growth and pod yield of peanut as compared with ZnSO4 application. Reduction of particle size results in increased number of particles per unit of weight and specific surface area of a fertilizer that should increase contact of fertilizer with plant leading to increase in nutrient uptake. Nanoparticles have high reactivity because of more specific surface area, more density of reactive areas, or increased reactivity of these areas on the particle surfaces. These features in nano-scale simplify their absorption in plants.
Conclusion
Mungbean growth characteristics could positively influence by foliar application of zinc oxide as nano and micro-particles in drought stress conditions. But, the effects of nano-scale zinc oxide particles on plant growth and yield was more in comparison to micro particles zinc oxide in stress and non-stressed conditions.
