پژوهشي در مضمون بودن ماخوذ بالسوم

A Study on the Guarantee of Security for Ma’khuz bissaum

«ماخوذ بالسوم» عبارتست از كالايي كه به­ وسيله مشتري از فروشنده گرفته مي­ شود و پس از بررسي و صلاح­ديد مورد معامله قرار مي‌گيرد. فقها در مضمون بودن ماخوذ بالسوم» اختلاف­ نظر دارند؛ به­ طوري­كه برخي از ايشان، گيرنده را به دليل قاعدة «عدم ضمان امين» و «اصل برائت ذمّه» ضامن ندانسته و مشهور فقها او را با استناد به قاعدة «علي اليد» ضامن دانسته و برخي ديگر نيز، به دليل عدم ترجيح ميان ادلّه توقف كرده­ اند. نگارندگان پس از تتبع در ادله و عبارات فقها به شيوة توصيفي‌تحليلي به بررسي ادلّه و بازخواني آراي آن­ ها مي­ پردازند و نظر قوي­ تر را اين مي­ دانند كه آخذ بالسّوم، هرچند از ناحيه مالك اذن داشته باشد، اما اين اذن بر اساس ارتكاز و عرف عُقلا، مقيد به ضمان بوده و از آنجا كه قبضِ آخذ به مصلحت مالك نبوده است، و با توجه به متصرف بودن آخذ و نيز بر اساس قاعده احترام مال مسلمان، به بازگرداندن عين يا بدل كالاي اخذ شده، او ملزم خواهد شد.

Ma’khuz bissaum is a term meaning that the goods delivered by the customer from the seller for examining their quality and price. Jurisprudents differ on the state of being guarantee for security for Ma’khuz bissaum, so that some of them believe that the customer is not surety for the goods based on the jurisprudential principles of “non-security of the trustful” and “the principle of clearance from obligation”. However, the majority of jurisprudents consider such a person as warrantor by the virtue of “Alalyad rule”, while some others have no idea as they have not any choices among the available indications. Using a descriptive-analytic method and by studying the indications and statements given by scholars and jurisprudents, the authors have investigated jurisprudents’ opinions. It seems that Ma’khuz bissaum leads to giving back the same goods or their alike in spite of having permission from the owner, but such permission does not pledge the security according to the intellectuals’ perception and custom. As seizing the object by the customer is not at his discretion and due to the fact that he has captured the property and based on the “rule for caring and cautioning Muslims’ properties”, the customer is obliged to return the merchandise to the owner.