تحليل نظريه دوگانگي طلاق به عوض و طلاق خلع و آثار مترتب بر آن

An Analysis of Dichotomy Theory of Ransom Divorce and Khil' Divorce and the Consequences pertaining to it

گروهي از فقيهان اماميه نوعي از طلاق را ذيل عنوان طلاق فديه‌اي يا طلاق به عوض، درعرض طلاق خلع، مطرح ساخته و معتقدند كه چنين طلاقي نيز بدليل عمومات و اطلاقات ادله اوليه همچون آيه اوفوا بالعقود و اصل آزادي قراردادها و قاعده فقهي المؤمنون عند شروطهم و نيز صحت نظريه ايقاع مشروط، صحيح و داراي اثر حقوقي بوده و عوض و فديه دريافتي در فرايند آن، به ملكيت مرد درمي‌آيد. به لحاظ ماهوي بايد گفت كه برخلاف خلع، در طلاق به عوض، وجود كراهت نسبت به شوهر و استفاده از كلمه خُلع در صيغه طلاق، شرط نبوده، فديه و عوض، جزو ماهيت آن نيست و زن پس از جدايي، حق رجوع به عوض و بازپس‌گيري آن را ندارد اما شوهر مي‌تواند تا قبل از اتمام عده، دوباره به زندگي سابق با او، برگردد. بدين ترتيب، با توجه به اصل اولي لفظي و عملي در طلاق، رجعي بودن طلاق به عوض نيز ثابت مي‌شود. به لحاظ فقهي و حقوقي، طلاق به عوض مي‌تواند در قالب عقد مستقل نامعين، اشتراط عوض در ضمن طلاق، اشتراط طلاق در ضمن عقد لازم، جعاله بر طلاق، صلح و هبه معوضه بر طلاق، توجيه گردد.

Some Imamiyeh jurisprudents have proposed a type of divorce in comparison to Khul' divorce, known as Ransom divorce – divorce in return. Using a descriptive-analytic method and referring to library references, the present paper has investigated the nature and jurisprudential effects of such a kind of divorce compared to Khul' divorce in detail. Having investigated the agreeing and disagreeing arguments regarding ransom divorce leads to the generalizations of the primary arguments of the verse "ufu biloqood" (fulfill all contracts) and the principle of "liberate of contractually" and the jurisprudential rule of "almo'meno enda shorrotihim" (the believers fulfill their contracts and obligations), likewise, the validity of conditional unilateral obligation bears legal effects and the wife is owned by the husband in return of a paid ransom. In contrast to the Khul' divorce, in ransom divorce by nature, the reluctance of the wife to husband as implied by Khul' divorce does not matter and using the word Khul' in divorce decree is not necessary. Thus, ransom is not part of it and the wife cannot reclaim her ransom after divorcing from his husband but the husband can reconcile her and resume living with her before Eddeh Period is terminated. Thus, such a divorce is a kind of divorce on agreement because such a kind of divorce is a revocable one and agreement divorce, contrary to Khul' one, is categorized under revocable divorces. Therefore, jurisprudentially and legally, ransom divorce could be justified by satisfying the following conditions: independent indefinite marriage contract, conditioning a ransom in return while signing the contract, conditioning the issue divorce while signing contract, Ji'aleh (reward in return of an a job) in divorce, and exchange peace and gift in divorce.