اقتضاي ماهيت وقف بر جايز نبودنِ تغيير و تبديل آن

Normality of the waqf`s nature (endowment) on permissibility of change and transformation

فقيهان شيعه درباره جايز نبودن تغيير وقف، جز در مواردي ويژه، اجماع دارند. باوجود اين، اتفاقِ‌نظري ميان آنان دربارۀ علت جايز نبودن آن نيست. برخي معتقدند علت جايز نبودنِ آن حكم شرعي منع است؛ دسته‌اي ديگر مي‌گويند ماهيت وقف به گونه‌اي است كه با هرگونه تغييري منافات دارد و رواياتي كه دلالت بر منع دارند، جملگي جنبۀ تأييد دارند، نه تشريع و تأسيس؛ دستۀ سوم معتقدند علت جواز تغيير وقف آن است كه بعد از وقف واقف، موقوفه از ملك او خارج مي‌شود و ديگر در ملك كسي قرار نمي‌گيرد و فك ملك مي‌گردد. از ميان سه مبناي مزبور، قول دوم از اين جهت پذيرفتني و قابلِ‌دفاع است كه وقف حقيقت شرعيه ندارد؛ پيماني بشري است كه فرا‌تر از دين و مذهب، در تمام دوران‌ها و در ميان همۀ ملت‌هاي عالَم ساري و جاري است. افزون بر آن، شواهد و قرائن تاريخي و روايي نيز دارد.

Except in some cases, impermissibility of changing the waqf is a matter of the jurisprudents` consensus. But concerning the reason of its impermissibility, there is no agreement between them. Some believe that its reason is religious ordinance which prohibited it. Some others say that the waqf`s nature is a form conflicting with any change, and all the narrations that imply prohibition, have aspect of approval, not legislation and establishment. The third group says that the cause of impermissibility of transferring the waqf is that after settler endowment, the subject of endowment is removed from its settler`s ownership and no longer, falls into the ownership of anyone and the property is removed from the ownership. Between the mentioned three theories, the second is acceptable and defensible due to which the endowment has no religious nature, and it is a human covenant, which it occurs and is current beyond religion and faith in all the periods and among all the nations of the universe. In addition, it has historical and narrative circumstances of evidence.