Recent advances in peptide separation by countercurrent chromatography

In recent years, countercurrent chromatography (CCC) for the peptide separation has been substantially improved in terms of partition efficiency and separation time. The solvent system composed of tert-butyl methyl ether, acetonitrile and water at various volume ratios provides almost universal application for peptide separation by high-speed CCC. Recently developed pH-zone-refining CCC also provides efficient separations on a preparative scale, and if used with an ion-pairing ligand it can also separate natural and synthetic peptides.