Systematic Analysis of the Twin Cx9C Protein Family

The Mia40–Erv1 disulfide relay system is of high importance for mitochondrial biogenesis. Most so far identified substrates of this machinery contain either two cysteine-x3-cysteine (twin Cx3C) or two cysteine-x9-cysteine (twin Cx9C) motifs. While the first group is composed of well-characterized components of the mitochondrial import machinery, the molecular function of twin Cx9C proteins still remains unclear. To systematically characterize this protein family, we performed a database search to identify the full complement of Cx9C proteins in yeast. Thereby, we identified 14 potential family members, which, with one exception, are conserved among plants, fungi, and animals. Among these, three represent novel proteins, which we named Cmc2 to 4 (for Cx9C motif-containing protein) and which we demonstrated to be dependent for import on the Mia40–Erv1 disulfide relay. By testing deletion mutants of all 14 proteins for function of the respiratory chain, we found a critical function of most of these proteins for the assembly or stability of respiratory chain complexes. Our data suggest that already early during the evolution of eukaryotic cells, a multitude of twin Cx9C proteins developed, which exhibit largely nonredundant roles critical for the biogenesis of enzymes of the respiratory chain in mitochondria.