Patella lead x-ray fluorescence measurements are independent of sample orientation

In vivo x-ray fluorescence bone lead measurements assess long-term lead exposure. Tibia, calcaneus, and patella are the most commonly sampled bones. Patella measurements also include lead signals from the distal femur, proximal tibia, and synovium. It is therefore important to know whether the orientation of the patella relative to the measurement system substantially affects the measured patella lead concentrations and their measurement uncertainties. This study examined whether these parameters exhibited a dependence on the orientation of the patella with respect to the measurement system, a dependence that could arise from varying nonpatella contributions. There was no effect of orientation on measured patella lead concentration, but there was a highly significant effect of orientation on the measurement uncertainty. These data do not conclusively show that there are no nonpatella contributions to a patella lead measurement; rather, that any such contributions are not a function of measurement orientation over the range of orientations considered. Further study is required if the contribution of nonpatella tissues to a patella lead XRF-measured concentration is to be fully addressed. This study also filled a gap in the literature by quantifying the within-patella (29%) and betweenpatella (71%) variability of measured patella lead concentrations from replicate measures of nine patell?.