Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from lotus stalk with guanidine phosphate activation: Sorption of Cd(II)

The preparation of activated carbon (AC-GPP) from lotus stalks (LS) by guanidine phosphate (GPP) activation was studied, with a particular focus on the differences in the physical and chemical characterizations and Cd(II) sorption properties of AC-GPP and the activated carbon (AC-PPA) derived from phosphoric acid (PPA) activation of LS. The carbons were systematically examined by N2 adsorption/desorption, Boehmʹs titration, and FTIR and XPS analyses. The results of Boehmʹs titration showed that AC-GPP contained much more total and basic functional groups than AC-PPA. FTIR and XPS analyses revealed that NH2 and CONH groups were effectively introduced on AC-GPPʹs surface. Cd(II) sorption behaviors on AC-PPA and AC-GPP under different Cd(II) concentration, ionic strength and solution pH conditions were investigated. Although AC-PPA had much higher SBET than AC-GPP, its Cd(II) sorption capacity was 3–4 times less than AC-GPP per unit surface area. For the carbons, sorption isotherms at different ionic strength were very well described by the Langmuir model. According to the results of the sorption studies and XPS analysis, the surface complexation, electrostatic attraction and cation exchange between Cd(II) and O/N-containing functional groups on the carbons were the dominant mechanisms responsible for Cd(II) sorption.