Yttrium implantation effect on low manganese–carbon steel

Low manganese–carbon steels were implanted with yttrium using the ion implantation method. Compositional and structural analyses were carried out before and after yttrium implantation by several techniques such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, reflection high energy electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction and glancing angle X-ray diffraction to observe the yttrium implantation effect on low manganese–carbon steel.