Vast fields of hydrocarbon-derived carbonate chimneys related to the accretionary wedge/olistostrome of the Gulf of Cلdiz

We report the first discovery and sampling of vast fields of hydrocarbon-derived carbonate chimneys along the Gulf of Cádiz continental slope, at depths between 500 and 1200 m. A large variety of carbonate chimneys (more than 200 samples) were recovered from four different areas, named the DIASOM, TASYO, GBF (Guadalquivir Basin) and ESF (East Moroccan) fields. Observations from an underwater camera revealed a spectacular high density of pipe-like chimneys, some of them longer than 2 m, lying over the sea floor, and some protruding from muddy sediment. Local fissures and alignment of isolated chimneys were also observed, suggesting that their distribution is controlled by fault planes. Chimneys collected show a wide range of morphological types (spiral, cylindrical, conical, mushroom-like and mounded) with numerous nodule protuberances and ramified fluid channelways. The chimneys are mainly composed of authigenic carbonates (ankerite, Fe-bearing dolomite and calcite) with abundance of iron oxides, forming agglomerates of pseudo-pyrite framboids. δ18O isotopic values vary from 0.7 to 5.5‰ whereas δ13C values indicate that chimney carbonates are moderately depleted in 13C, ranging from −46‰ to −20‰ PDB, interpreted as formed from a mixture of deep thermogenic hydrocarbons and shallow biogenic methane. These vast fields of carbonate chimneys imply new considerations on the importance of hydrocarbon fluid venting in the Gulf of Cádiz and, moreover, on the active role of the olistostrome/accretionary wedge of the Gibraltar arc.