Exploring Epigenetic Mechanisms in Aggressive Periodontitis; Unraveling the Molecular Dynamics of Disease Progression: A Narrative Review

Aggressive periodontitis is an inflammation of the periodontal tissue that usually affects adolescents and young adults aged 30 years, caused by attachment loss and fast bone degradation. The correlation between the epigenetic status and the initiation and progression of numerous acquired diseases was documented. Consequently, targeting epigenetic factors within periodontal tissues stands as an appealing prospect for both the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis. In addition to the role of pathogenic bacteria and their products,  alterations in gene expression due to extrinsic and intrinsic factors can cause disturbances in the host’s immune response. Epigenetic changes, whether DNA methylation or microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation, can cause changes in gene expression in aggressive periodontitis and lead to more severe and rapid loss of the periodontal tissues. This study aimed to elucidate the relationships between oral hygiene, pathogenic bacteria, and genetics in periodontitis development to promote targeted prevention and treatment for enhanced oral health in individuals at risk of aggressive periodontitis. The method employed in this study entailed a comprehensive review and analysis of scholarly literature on the relationship between epigenetic mechanisms and the development of aggressive periodontitis. In conclusion, epigenetic regulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis through DNA methylation mechanisms that begin with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokine signaling pathways, promoter genes, and progress to pro-inflammatory cells. When periodontal tissue inflammation occurs, miRNA inhibits protein translation from messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), which contributes to its aggressiveness.