Air pollution from energy use in a developing country city: The case of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

We have examined sectoral energy-use patterns and estimated the associated emission of key air pollutants in Kathmandu Valley for 1993, as well as the levels of pollutant emissions from fuel use in 2013 under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario; total emissions of selected pollutants are estimated to be over 63,000 tons in 1993 and to increase five-fold by 2013. The transport sector contributes the largest share of pollutants, followed by the household and industrial sectors. Gasoline, fuelwood and coal were the dominant fuel contributors to total emissions and CO was the dominant pollutant.