New treatment for Barrettʹs oesophagus

Barrettʹs oesphagus is characterised by the presence of specialised intestinal metaplasia in the lower oesphagus. Its importance is related primarily to its link with adenocarcinoma of the lower oesphagus, often preceded by dysplastic changes. The incidence of this carcinoma has increased dramatically over the last few decades Although modern treatments, particularly acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors, have been most useful in controlling the reflux symptoms associated with Barrettʹs oesphagus, they have not reduced the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the oesphagus. The same can be said about anti-reflux surgery. Surgical excision of Barrettʹs oesphagus has been advocated when high-grade dysplasia is detected; this carries considerable morbidity and mortality, so alternative treatments are being developed. This update summarises recent information concerning newer treatments aimed at eradicating Barrettʹs oesphagus. These vary from thermal coagulation (using electrocoagulation and heater probes) to lasers, photodynamic therapy and mechanical methods Of these, photodynamic therapy using a porphyrin precurser (5-ammo-laevulinic acid) seems to give the most consistent satisfactory results with a minimum of complications However, persistence of some metaplastic cells beneath the neo-squamous layer remains a problem. Ongoing effective acid control (by medical or surgical therapy) is also essential to prevent recurrence of Barrettʹs oesphagus. Future research is aimed at perfecting these methods. Ultimately, it may be possible to understand the molecular biology which could help to predict which patients are at greatest risk of developing dysplastic and carcinomatous changes