Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders

Background To clarify which types of cancer result from AIDS, we compared the cancer experiences of people with AIDS with those of the general population by matching population-based cancer and AIDS registries in the USA and Puerto Rico. Methods We used a probabilistic matching algorithm to compare names, birth dates, and, where available, social-security numbers of 98336 people with AIDS and 1125098 people with cancer aged less than 70 years. We defined AIDS-related cancers as those with both significantly raised incidence post-AIDS and increasing prevalence from 5 years pre-AIDS to 2 years post-AIDS. Findings Among people with AIDS, we found 7028 cases of Kaposiʹs sarcoma (KS), 1793 of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and 712 other cases of histologically defined cancer. Incidence rates among people with AIDS were increased 310-fold for KS, 113-fold for NHL, and 1•9-fold (95% Cl 1•5–2•3) for other cancers. Of 38 malignant disorders other than KS and NHL, only angiosarcoma (36•7-fold), Hodgkinʹs disease (7•6-fold), multiple myeloma (4•5-fold), brain cancer (3•5-fold), and seminoma (2•9-fold) were raised and increasing significantly (p<0•02) from the pre-AIDS to the post-AIDS period. Interpretation Interpretation is complicated by screening and shared risk factors, such as sexual behaviour and cigarette smoking. However, our data indicate that AIDS leads to a significantly increased risk of Hodgkinʹs disease, multiple myeloma, brain cancer, and seminoma. Immunological failure to control herpes or other viral infections may contribute to these malignant diseases.