Fungal and Viral Epizootics in Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Populations in Central New York

The activity of the gypsy moth fungal pathogenEntomophaga maimaigawas documented from 1991 to 1996 in central New York. This fungus had been introduced to the area in 1990 but also generally spread throughout the region in 1990–1992. In 1991, gypsy moth populations were abundant in 8 mixed hardwood plots (mean ± SE = 15,295 ± 4373 egg masses/ha), the gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV) was the most important cause of larval mortality by microorganisms, and by the end of the season, populations had decreased to 6875 ± 1345 egg masses/ha. During 1991,E. maimaiga-infected larvae were found at 7 of 8 plots causing 0–37% infection but this was not associated with 1990E. maimaigainfection levels. In 1992, the major cause of larval mortality by microorganisms wasE. maimaiga,with infection levels ranging from 64 to 98%; LdNPV was also present at all 11 plots sampled. At lower density plots in 1992,E. maimaigainfections only increased dramatically during 5th and later instars. In higher density plots, 16 and 24% of 2nd and 3rd instars per the two early June sample dates were infected byE. maimaigabut infection levels once again peaked during later instars, although earlier in higher than lower density sites. During 1992, more cadavers of 4th and 5th+instars produced resting spores in the higher density plots than in the lower density plots, suggesting increased secondary transmission by conidia actively ejected from cadavers. The amount of rain falling during the periods of time that larvae were active differed by year; LdNPV was the dominant pathogen during the dry 1991 spring, whileE. maimaigaflourished during 1992, when rain fell at approximately normal levels. From 1993 to 1996, gypsy moth populations remained low, with almost no LdNPV infections recovered, andE. maimaigainfections increased only after larval densities increased.