Measurements of ammonia emissions from manure storing and spreading stages in Polish commercial farms

Representative measurements of ammonia volatilisation from manure at storing and spreading stages were carried out during several years in Poland. All measurements were made using passive horizontal flux samplers. The average ammonia emission from manure storage heaps was determined as 11 kg/LU/year corresponding to a quarter of the stored total nitrogen amount. The ammonia emissions were higher in the winter when the temperature difference between the heap and the ambient air was higher. The project is part of the Baltic agriculture run-off action program (BAAP) applied to Poland. One measurement of the ammonia emission from a slurry tank gave a significantly lower emission compared to the commonly used manure storage heap.