Effect of genistein on endothelial function in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study

Purpose Genistein, a phytoestrogen found in soybeans, corrects endothelial dysfunction induced by oophorectomy in animals. Using a double-blind, controlled, randomized design, we evaluated its effects on endothelial function in women. Methods We enrolled 79 healthy postmenopausal women (mean [± SD] age, 56 ± 4 years) and randomly assigned them to receive continuous estrogen/progestin therapy (n = 26; 17β-estradiol [1 mg/d] combined with norethisterone acetate [0.5 mg/d]), genistein (n = 27; 54 mg/d), or placebo (n = 26). Brachial artery flow–mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilation and plasma levels of nitrites/nitrates (a marker of nitric oxide metabolism) and endothelin-1 were measured at baseline and after 1 year of therapy. Results Treatment with genistein increased levels of nitrites/nitrates (mean increase, 21 μmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 15 to 26 μmol/L; P<0.001 vs. placebo); estrogen/progestin therapy caused similar changes (P<0.001 vs. placebo). Plasma endothelin-1 levels decreased following 12 months of genistein (mean decrease, 7 pg/mL; 95% CI: 3 to 10 pg/mL; P<0.001 vs. placebo) and after 12 months of estrogen/progestin (P<0.001 vs. placebo). When compared with placebo, brachial artery flow–mediated dilation was improved by genistein (mean increase, 5.5%; 95% CI: 3.9% to 7.0%; P<0.001) and by estrogen/progestin (P<0.001). There were no significant differences between estrogen and genistein for any of these parameters (all P>0.4). Conclusion One year of genistein therapy improves endothelium function in postmenopausal women to a similar extent as does an estrogen/progestin regimen.