ACE genotype and cognitive decline in an African-Caribbean population

The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene is believed to influence risk of cerebrovascular disease. However, associations with cognitive outcomes remain controversial. As far as we are aware, all studies to date have been carried out in white American or European populations. African-Caribbean populations have high prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes and cerebrovascular disease but risk factors for cognitive outcomes remain under-researched. In a UK community sample of 148 African-Caribbean people aged 55–75 years, we investigated the association between ACE genotype and cognitive decline over 3 years using a battery of repeated tests. No direct association was found between ACE genotype and decline. However, the association between increased age and cognitive decline was significantly stronger in people with the ACE DD genotype (odds ratio 3.6 per 5-year increase, 95% CI: 1.9–6.7) compared to those with ID/II genotype (odds ratio 0.7, 95% CI 0.4–1.2). This interaction was particularly strong for decline in verbal memory and was not apparently mediated by vascular risk factors measured at baseline.