Step changes for decarbonising the energy system: research needs for renewables, energy efficiency and nuclear power

This paper sets out, with reference to the UK, outstanding research needs in a number of areas if large, long-term reductions in carbon emissions from energy use are to be achieved. Emphasis is placed on viewing the production and use of energy in terms of an energy system. Decomposition analysis is used to illustrate the various parts of the energy system, the differential carbon emissions associated with each part, and the different kinds of policy measures which will be required to reduce them. Possible decarbonisation through energy efficiency, nuclear power and renewables are analysed in some detail. While each of these areas exhibits specific characteristics, issues and challenges about which more needs to be known, there are also some common themes which are in need of research. These are identified as human behaviour, social acceptability, economic costs, network and infrastructure issues, how to stimulate innovation, security and reliability, and markets and governance. Progress will need to be made in developing a better understanding of most if not all of these issues if radical reductions of carbon emissions are to be achieved.