چكيده لاتين :
Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) materials are hydrophilic networks that can
absorb and retain huge amounts of water or aqueous solutions . They can uptake
water as high as 100,000%. Common SAPs are generally white sugar-like
hygroscopic materials , which are mainly used in disposable diapers and other applications
including agricultural use. This article reviews the SAP literature , background,
types and chemical structures , physical and chemical properties, testing methods,
uses, and applied research works. Due to variability of the possible monomers and
macromolecular structure , many SAP types can be made. SAPs are originally divided
into two main classes; i.e., synthetic (petrochemical-based) and natural (e.g., polysaccharide-
and polypeptide-based). Most of the current superabsorbents, however, are
frequently produced from acrylic acid (M), its salts, and acrylamide (AM) via solution
or inverse-suspension polymerization techniques. The main synthetic (internal) and
environmental (external) factors affecting the acrylic anionic SAP characteristics are
described briefly. The methods for quantifying the SAP practical features , i.e., absorption
capacity (both load-free and under load), swelling rate, swollen gel strength, wicking
capacity, sol fraction, residual monomer, and ionic sensitivity were discussed. The
SAP applications and the related research works, particularly the hygienic and agricultural
areas are reviewed. Meanwhile, the research findings on the effects of SAP in soil
and agricultural achievements in Iran, as an arid country are treated as well. Finally, the
safety and environmental issues concerning SAP practical applications are discussed
as well.
