چكيده فارسي :
The pursuit for international security has occupied statesmen ever since the First World War ended almost a hundred years ago, but even with the best intentions, efforts to bring about order and stability in the world have still not achieved a decisive breakthrough. Peace and security – in spite of the international organizations built up after the twentieth century’s two world wars – continue to elude us. Previously, in the nineteenth century, world affairs were governed by the Powers (i.e. the major European States), who notionally depended on a ‘concert’ or balance of power to maintain international order within Europe, but who spread their imperial power through the rest of the world according to their own devices. In the twentieth century, the two Superpowers prevailed allowing their proxies to engage in wars and disturbances beyond their agreed spheres of influence. Today we live in a multi-polar world, which is no longer held in check by the receding hegemony of the remaining Superpower, and where the resultant vacuum has resulted in the break up of nations and the ascendancy of insurrectionary and state terror. How should we view future prospects, and what hope is there that the present world powers will reach an agreement that might yield the peace and security that we all desire? Realistically, as long as present circumstances prevail, we cannot expect that what in 1991 President George H. W. Bush called ‘the new world order’ will be imminently established. So, according to the terminology of international relations theory, we might attempt to understand international affairs according to the ‘pragmatic’, ‘realist’, ‘idealist’, etc. labels used to categorize the foreign policies of states; however, the assumptions on which these terms are based rely on past experience and we cannot assume that leaders will continue to behave as they did over the last one hundred and fifty years, as exemplified by the the present incumbent of the oval office.
كليدواژه :
clash of culture , cultural security , global power , extremism , terrorism , peace
