The importance and applications of algal pigments

During the normal metabolism and when the redox equilibrium is broken and in high pressures of O2 and other reactive species originating from pollutants like cigarette smoke, ROS and RNScan atta ck lipids, proteins and DNA, forming lipid radic als, amino and thiyl radicals (RS• free radicals), and sugar. However, some of the free radicals and reactive species are beneficial in regulating the intracell ular redox signaling, fighting the invasion of organi sms and inflammation by pathogens, or even inducing the cells to adapt themselves and protect from oth er severe oxidative damages.Some of the disease whic h may be induced by reactive species are: Aging, Alzheimer, Parkinson, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascul ar disease (CVD), Cancer, Inflammatory, Neurologi cal diseases, Diabetes, Obesity There are three different groups of li ght harvesting and photoprotective pigments Chl orophylls, Carotenoids, Phycobiliproteins. Carotenoids: More than 750 red, orange, or yellow structurally defined carotenoids are reported from nature. Hydrocarbon carotenoids are known as carotenes, while o xygenated derivatives of these hydrocarbons are kno wn as xanthophylls.Most carotenoids cross the cell membrane by simple or facilitated diffusion and are delivered through the body as a part of lip oproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDL).Astaxanthin has the highest AO capacity among several carotenoids, Phycobiliproteins: are water-soluble the major photosynthetic accessory pigments in cyanobacteria; rhodophytes; cryptomonads and cyanelle sPhycobiliproteins. Phycobiliproteins can be divide d broadly into 3 classes: PE,PC,and APC. The adva ntages of using algae as the source of dyes and food colorants are:Nutritional value, Eco-friendliness, N on-toxicity and non-carcinogenicity. Phycobiliproteins possess a wide spectrum of actual and/or potential biotechnological applications, for instance, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, food industry, cosmetics , biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. Phycobilisomes these intricate protein assemblies, arranged in rows and coupled to photosystem ii (ps ii) particles on the external surface of the thylakoid membranes, serve as the predominant light-harvesting structures for cyanobacteria. The intricate functional 1hycobilisome structures comprise two general types of proteins: brightly colored (1) phycobiliproteins (2) linker proteins. The protein portion of the pbps consists of two dissimilar polypeptides designated as α, β. The linker polypeptides have been divided into three groups depending on their functions and molecula r weights.

During the normal metabolism and when the redox equilibrium is broken and in high pressures of O2 and other reactive species originating from pollutants like cigarette smoke, ROS and RNScan atta ck lipids, proteins and DNA, forming lipid radic als, amino and thiyl radicals (RS• free radicals), and sugar. However, some of the free radicals and reactive species are beneficial in regulating the intracell ular redox signaling, fighting the invasion of organi sms and inflammation by pathogens, or even inducing the cells to adapt themselves and protect from oth er severe oxidative damages.Some of the disease whic h may be induced by reactive species are: Aging, Alzheimer, Parkinson, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascul ar disease (CVD), Cancer, Inflammatory, Neurologi cal diseases, Diabetes, Obesity There are three different groups of li ght harvesting and photoprotective pigments Chl orophylls, Carotenoids, Phycobiliproteins. Carotenoids: More than 750 red, orange, or yellow structurally defined carotenoids are reported from nature. Hydrocarbon carotenoids are known as carotenes, while o xygenated derivatives of these hydrocarbons are kno wn as xanthophylls.Most carotenoids cross the cell membrane by simple or facilitated diffusion and are delivered through the body as a part of lip oproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDL).Astaxanthin has the highest AO capacity among several carotenoids, Phycobiliproteins: are water-soluble the major photosynthetic accessory pigments in cyanobacteria; rhodophytes; cryptomonads and cyanelle sPhycobiliproteins. Phycobiliproteins can be divide d broadly into 3 classes: PE,PC,and APC. The adva ntages of using algae as the source of dyes and food colorants are:Nutritional value, Eco-friendliness, N on-toxicity and non-carcinogenicity. Phycobiliproteins possess a wide spectrum of actual and/or potential biotechnological applications, for instance, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, food industry, cosmetics , biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. Phycobilisomes these intricate protein assemblies, arranged in rows and coupled to photosystem ii (ps ii) particles on the external surface of the thylakoid membranes, serve as the predominant light-harvesting structures for cyanobacteria. The intricate functional 1hycobilisome structures comprise two general types of proteins: brightly colored (1) phycobiliproteins (2) linker proteins. The protein portion of the pbps consists of two dissimilar polypeptides designated as α, β. The linker polypeptides have been divided into three groups depending on their functions and molecula r weights.