تأثير نانوذرات نقره در كنترل بيماري پژمردگي آوندي ناشي از قارچ Fusarium oxysporum f.sp phaseoli در گياه لوبيا

Effects of silver nanoparticles on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp phaseoli the causal agent of bean vascular wilting disease

ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔﯽ ﻓﻮزارﯾﻮﻣﯽ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت زﯾﺎدي را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎ وارد ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻧﺎﻧﻮذرات ﻓﻠﺰي و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد آن در ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، ﯾﮏ اﻣﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻨﺎوري ﻧﺎﻧﻮ در ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از ﻋﺼﺎره ﮔﯿﺎه ﮐﮏ ﮐﺶ ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﯽ )Pulicaria gnaphalode( ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻧﺎﻧﻮذرات ﻧﻘﺮه ﺑﯿﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻧﺎﻧﻮذرات ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﮕﺎه UV-Visible spectroscopy ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي، ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺎرچ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔﯽ آوﻧﺪي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و آزﻣﻮن درون ﺷﯿﺸﻪ اي و ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري زاﯾﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ درون زﯾﻮه ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ اﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻧﻮذرات ﺳﻨﺘﺰي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﯽ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان رﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرچ ﭘﺎﺗﻮژن ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻧﺎﻧﻮ ذرات ﻧﻘﺮه ﺳﻨﺘﺰي ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ 500 و 300 ﭘﯽ ﭘﯽ ام، ﺑﺮ روي ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﯿﻤﺎرﮔﺮ ﻓﻮزارﯾﻮم ﺑﻮد. در آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﺎت ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻧﻮذره ﻧﻘﺮه ﺑﯿﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰي ﮔﯿﺎه ﮐﮏ ﮐﺶ ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﺎي 300 و 500 ﭘﯽ ﭘﯽ ام ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺪت ﺑﯿﻤﺎري روي اﻧﺪام ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ و ﺑﺮگ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و در ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮوه آﻣﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ.

Development of reliable and eco-friendly processes for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an important step in the field of application of nanotechnology in agriculture pathosystems. In the present study, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles employing plant extract of Pulicaria gnaphalodes has been investigated. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through the reduction of aqueous Ag+ ion using the cell extract of Pulicaria gnaphalodes in the dark conditions. The synthetic process was relatively fast and silver nanoparticles were formed within 24 hrs of silver ion coming in contact with the plant extract filtrate. UV-visible spectrum of the aqueous medium containing silver ion showed a peak at 430 nm corresponding to the plasmon absorbance of silver nanoparticles. In separate experiment, comparative effects of application of biosynthesized nanoparticles and chemical synthesized nanosilver against Fusarium wilt disease on beans caused by Fusarium oxysporum were evaluated In in vitro experiments, inhibitory effects of all mentioned nanosilvers, at 100, 200, 300 and 500 ppm concentration on fungal mycelium growth rate were tested. The results indicated that the inhibitory effects of biosynthesized nanosilvers at 300 and 500 ppm were significantly higher than biosynthesized nanosilvers at 100 and 200 ppm .The greenhouse experiments results showed that, pretreatment of bean seedlings with nanoparticles, biosynthesized by Pulicaria gnaphalodes was significantly reduced the Fusarium wilt disease severity compare to all other regarded treatments Based on both in vitro and in vivo experiments; it could be concluded that application of biosynthesized nanoparticles, for combating the Fusarium wilt disease on beans, is more reliable than the other treatments.