حقوق بين الملل درياها و نقش و جايگاه تاريخي ايران در آبهاي بين المللي

International law of the seas and the role and historical position of Iran in international waters

حقوق درﯾﺎﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ درﯾﺎﻫﺎ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ و ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺮراﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ آﻧﻬﺎ را در رواﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺧﻮد در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ درﯾﺎﯾﯽ رﻋﺎﯾﺖﮐﻨﻨﺪ .ﺣﻘﻮق درﯾﺎﻫﺎ ﭼﻪ در زﻣﺎن ﺻﻠﺢ و ﭼﻪ در زﻣﺎن ﺟﻨﮓ ﻻزم اﻻﺟﺮاﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎً ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ آن در زﻣﺎن ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻖ درآﯾﺪ و ﯾﺎ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ در زﻣﺎن ﺟﻨﮓ اﺟﺮا ﮔﺮدد . حقوق درياها يكي از شاخه هاي حقوق بين الملل است كه مربوط به روابط بين المللي دولتها يا سازمانهاي بين المللي در مناطق مختلف دريايي است، ولي حقوق دريايي از شاخه هاي حقوق خصوصي داخلي است كه بر روابط اشخاص و كشورها در در دريا و موضوعات مربوط به دريا ناظر و حاكم است. از جمله موضوعاتي مانند حمل و نقل دريايي، بيمة دريايي، وضعيت حقوقي كشتي ها و ايمني درياها.اهميت حقوق درياها، بي شك بسته به اهميت درياها خواهد داشت. در گذشته، درياها و اقيانوس ها بيشتر به لحاظ راه ارتباطي داراي اهميت بودند، اما امروزه با پيشرفت تكنولوژي و در نتيجه شناخت بيشتر از منابع درياها و توان بهره برداري از اين منابع، درياها از اهميت خاصي برخوردار شده اند و اين در حالي است كه 9.% از مناطق بستر و زير بستر اقيانوس ها براي انسان ها تقريبا ناشناخته مانده اند. اقيانوس ها در حدود 71 %سطح كرة زمين را در برگرفته اند و سرشار از منابع عظيم نفت و گاز، كلوخه هاي معدني و مواد غذايي مي باشند. حقوق درﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮق اﻧﮕﻠﻮﺳﺎﮐﺴﻮن ﺑﻪ آن در Admiralty LawوMaritime Law ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد .و در ﺣﻘﻮق ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ آن ﻋﺮف Droit Maritime گفته مي شود. ﺑﻄﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ و ﻣﻘﺮرات و درﯾﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ رواﺑﻂ اﻓﺮاد و دول ﮐﻪ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت و ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮز ﺑﻪ درﯾﺎ اﺳﺖ؛ اﻋﻢ از ﮐﺸﺘﯿﺮاﻧﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ، ﻧﯿﺮوي درﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ و ﮐﺸﺘﯽﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﯽ .ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق درﯾﺎﯾﯽ در ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﻋﺎم ﺧﻮد ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ رواﺑﻂ اﻓﺮاد و دول در درﯾﺎ و ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ درﯾﺎ اﺳﺖ . اﯾﻦ رواﺑﻂ ﮔﺎه در ﺣﻘﻮق ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و ﮔﺎه در ﺣﻘﻮق ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ .ﭼﻨﺎﭼﻪ رواﺑﻂ اﻓﺮاد و دول در درﯾﺎ و ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ درﯾﺎ در ﺣﻘﻮق ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد ﻣﻌﻨﯽ اﺧﺺ آن ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد .در اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﺣﻘﻮق درﯾﺎﯾﯽ در ﻣﻌﻨﯽ اﺧﺺ، ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ و ﻣﻘﺮرات و ﻋﺮف درﯾﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ رواﺑﻂ اﻓﺮاد و دول در اﻣﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﺎر و ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮ در درﯾﺎ و ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت و ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﺘﯿﺮاﻧﯽ ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﯽ و اﯾﻤﻨﯽ در درﯾﺎﺳﺖ.

the law of the seas or the international law of the seas is one of the new branches of international law and the set of regulations that must be used in international relations in different marine areas. The rights of the seas are binding in peacetime or during war, but it may be an exception to some of its rules during the war, or certain rules will be carried out during the war the law of the seas is one of the branches of international law relating to the international relations of governments or international organizations in different marine areas, but the maritime law is one of the branches of private private law governing the relations of individuals and countries at sea and issues related to the sea. such topics such as sea transport, marine insurance, legal status of ships and sea safety. The importance of sea rights, undoubtedly, will depend on the importance of the seas. In the past, the seas and oceans are more important in terms of communication, but today the seas are of particular importance with the advancement of technology and as a result of further exploration of the sea resources and the power to exploit these resources, while 9. % of the beds in the bed and below the seabed of the oceans are almost unknown to humans. Oceans cover about 71 % of the Earth s surface and are full of huge oil and gas reserves The maritime law, which is in the Swiss Institute of Human Rights, is the Swiss Institute of Law. and in French law it is called the custom of droit. in general it is a set of rules and regulations governing the relations of individuals and governments concerned with all matters and matters connected with the sea; private shipping, military navy, and warships. it is thus observed that maritime law in its general sense is witnessing all the relations of individuals and governments in the sea and issues related to the sea these relations are sometimes studied in public law and sometimes in private law. in particular, the relationship between individuals and the sea in the sea and issues relating to the sea in private law is made particular meaning. in this case, maritime law in particular means a set of rules and regulations governing the relations of individuals and governments in the maritime transport and transportation issues and issues relating to maritime navigation and safety.