The effect of joint angle on the timing of muscle contractions elicited by neuromuscular electrical stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation was used to evoke isometric knee extension contractions in seven individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and the time for knee extension torque to rise and fall was measured across a range of knee angles. The stimulated muscles took more than twice as long to develop 50% of maximum torque at an angle of 15°, compared to an angle of 90°. This time difference comprised both an increased delay before torque rose above resting levels (31 ± 3 ms at 90°, 67 ± 24 ms at 15°), and a prolonged duration over which torque was rising (72 ± 14 ms at 90°, 140 ± 62 ms at 15°). There was no change, however, in the time taken for torque to fall after cessation of stimulation at different knee angles (58 ± 5-ms delay, 60 ± 11-ms fall time). The difference in torque rise time with joint angle has implications for modeling functional activities that differ greatly in their joint angles. This study provides regression equations whereby activation times for the quadriceps muscles of individuals with SCI can be predicted for specific angles of knee flexion.