Integrated Optical $E$ -Field Sensor for Intense Nanosecond Electromagnetic Pulse Measurement

A lithium niobate (LiNbO₃)-based integrated optical E-field sensor utilizing Mach-Zehnder optical waveguide interferometer and bow-tie antenna has been designed and fabricated for the detection of nanosecond intense pulsed electric field. Experimental data demonstrate that the average rise time, fall time, and pulsewidth of the input/output electromagnetic pulse (EMP) are 1.31/1.28, 3.63/3.61, and 34.19/34.25 ns, respectively. Correspondingly, the relative errors are 2.3%, 0.6%, and 0.2%, respectively. In addition, the input/output of the sensor system shows a linear relationship as the correlation coefficient between measured and fitting is 0.9991. The minimum and maximum measured EMP fields are approximately equal to 3 and 50 kV/m, respectively.