Implications of Frequency Control Bias Settings on Interconnected System Operation and Inadvertent Energy Accounting

This paper describes the adversities of present practices for inadvertent energy and time error correction from the interconnected system point of view by considering their constrained coupling effects between control areas. Partial implementations of decomposition theory are suggested as practical solutions to the iniquities and deficiencies of the present scheme. A scheme for phasing-in decomposition accounting, which can be voluntary by area, is suggested and explained. An argument is made for an official and essentially constant annual value of frequency bias to be used for decomposition. The frequency bias used in area control error (ACE) need not be constant, or necessarily equal to the decomposition parameter.