Passive localization of frequency-agile radars from angle and frequency measurements

It is well known that the position of a stationary radar can be estimated by a single moving observer from angle and/or frequency measurements taken passively at different points in its trajectory. Depending on the measurement set different localization methods result: the bearing method (BM), the frequency method (FM), and the combined method (CM). Previous studies analyze the three methods on the basis of constant emitter frequencies. However, radars with constant emitter frequencies are not realistic. Frequency drift and frequency hopping have to be taken into account. Therefore, to include radars the emitter model has been extended by drift and frequency hopping in this study, and the estimation methods have been reanalyzed. The effects of the model extensions become transparent in a parametric Cramer-Rao (CR) analysis. The results obtained in this way are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations taking maximum likelihood (ML) as estimation procedure