Title :
The crystal resonator- a digital transducer
Author :
Hammond, Donald L. ; Benjaminson, Albert
Author_Institution :
Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif.
fDate :
4/1/1969 12:00:00 AM
Abstract :
Precision piezoelectric quartz resonators have evolved during a half century of research, development, and engineering. It is an evolution that started with rudimentary concepts and a precision of one part in a thousand, and emerged today with a precision of a few parts in 1012. Although there have been significant steps forward through single contributions, the evolution has been a continuous improvement with an order of magnitude achieved every five to seven years. Not that anyone was particularly aware of these milestones, but, viewed in total, this improvement of a billion to one must stand as one of the truly amazing developments of this electronic age.
Keywords :
Environmental factors; Frequency conversion; Frequency measurement; Piezoelectric transducers; Pressure measurement; Sensor phenomena and characterization; Temperature dependence; Temperature distribution; Temperature sensors; Thickness measurement;
Journal_Title :
Spectrum, IEEE
DOI :
10.1109/MSPEC.1969.5214053
