Second-order ring modulator. Calculations of losses and some design considerations

The second-order ring modulator takes its output at a second-order sideband frequency from the input terminals of a lattice switch (or ring connection of rectifiers); the normal output terminals of the lattice are terminated in a reactive `idler¿ circuit. This arrangement has practical attractions, and uses fewer transformers than other modulators. With ideal switches and ideal selective circuits, the conversion power loss is zero. The effects of resistance in the switches or rectifiers, of changes in the idler arrangements, and of not tuning the input and output circuits, are examined in the paper, and the results are compared with those of the conventional types of modulator.