High-Power, Low-Noise 1.5-μm Slab-Coupled Optical Waveguide (SCOW) Emitters: Physics, Devices, and Applications

We review the development of a new class of high-power, edge-emitting, semiconductor optical gain medium based on the slab-coupled optical waveguide (SCOW) concept. We restrict the scope to InP-based devices incorporating either InGaAsP or InGaAlAs quantum-well active regions and operating in the 1.5-μm-wavelength region. Key properties of the SCOW gain medium include large transverse optical mode dimensions (>;5 × 5 μm), ultralow optical confinement factor (Γ ~ 0.25-1%), and small internal loss coefficient (α_i ~ 0.5 cm-1). These properties have enabled the realization of 1) packaged Watt-class semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) having low-noise figure (4-5 dB), 2) monolithic passively mode-locked lasers generating 0.25-W average output power, 3) external-cavity fiber-ring actively mode-locked lasers exhibiting residual timing jitter of <;10 fs (1Hz to Nyquist), and 4) single-frequency external-cavity lasers producing 0.37-W output power with Gaussian (Lorentzian) linewidth of 35 kHz (1.75 kHz) and relative intensity noise (RIN) <; -160 dB/Hz from 200 kHz to 10 GHz. We provide an overview the SCOW design principles, describe simulation results that quantify the performance limitations due to confinement factor, linear optical loss mechanisms, and nonlinear two-photon absorption (TPA) loss, and review the SCOW devices that have been demonstrated and applications that these devices are expected to enable.