Far-field gain estimation of reference dipole antenna operated in liquid by considering phase centers

A new technique for estimating far-field gain as well as phase center of antennas operated in liquid is numerically demonstrated. It is easily derived that the distance characteristic of near-field gain for antennas operated in the liquid is the same as that in free space. Moreover, another expression for the nearfield gain for antennas operated in the liquid that the authors have proposed is proven to be valid by mathematical formulation and numerical simulation.