Vacuum phototriodes for the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter endcap

Author

Bell, K.W. ; Brown, R.M. ; Cockerill, D.J.A. ; Flower, P S ; Hobson, P.R. ; Kennedy, B.W. ; Lintern, A L ; Selby, C.S. ; Sharif, O. ; Sproston, M. ; Williams, J.H.

Author_Institution

CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Lab., Didcot, UK

Volume

2

fYear

2003

fDate

19-25 Oct. 2003

Firstpage

991

Abstract

The measurement of scintillation light from the lead tungstate crystals of the CMS ECAL poses a substantial technical challenge, particularly in the endcap regions, where the radiation levels are highest. The photodetectors must be fast, sensitive, radiation-hard, and operate with significant internal gain in a magnetic field of 4 Tesla. The measured performance characteristics of the first batches of series production vacuum phototriodes (VPT), developed to satisfy the needs of CMS, will be described.

Keywords

lead compounds; nuclear electronics; particle calorimetry; phototubes; scintillation counters; triodes; CMS electromagnetic calorimeter endcap; PbWO₄; endcap regions; internal gain; radiation-hard; scintillation light; sensitive; series production vacuum phototriodes; vacuum phototriodes; Anodes; Collision mitigation; Detectors; Electromagnetic measurements; Large Hadron Collider; Magnetic field measurement; Magnetic fields; Photodetectors; Photonic crystals; Production;

fLanguage

English

Publisher

ieee

Conference_Titel

Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2003 IEEE

ISSN

1082-3654

Print_ISBN

0-7803-8257-9

Type

conf

DOI

10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351861

Filename

1351861