Clinically Relevant CNT Dispersions With Exceptionally High Dielectric Properties for Microwave Theranostic Applications

We present a formulation for achieving stable high-concentration (up to 20 mg/ml) aqueous dispersions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with exceptionally high microwave-frequency (0.5-6 GHz) dielectric properties. The formulation involves functionalizing CVD-synthesized CNTs via sonication in nitric and sulfuric acid. The overall chemical integrity of the CNTs is largely preserved, as demonstrated via physical and chemical characterizations, despite significant shortening and functionalization with oxygen-containing groups. This is attributed to the protected inner walls of double-walled CNTs in the samples. The resulting CNT dispersions show greatly enhanced dielectric properties compared to a CNT-free control. For example, at 3 GHz, the average relative permittivity and effective conductivity across several 20 mg/ml CNT samples were increased by ~70% and ~400%, respectively, compared to the control. These CNT dispersions exhibit the stability and extraordinary microwave properties desired in systemically administered theranostic agents for microwave diagnostic imaging and/or thermal therapy.