Accurate solution of volume integral equations for electromagnetic scattering by lossy conductors

Lossy conductors are not perfectly electric conductors and their finite conductivity needs to be carefully accounted for in the accurate solution of electromagnetic problems. Traditionally, surface integral equations (SIEs) are used to approximately describe the problems, but we use volume integral equations (VIEs) to exactly formulate the problems by treating the lossy conductors as dielectric-like objects. The VIEs are solved by a point-matching scheme which allows the use of JM-formulation, yielding some desirable merits. Typical numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the scheme and its robustness has been verified.