A stable solution of time domain electric field integral equation

In this paper, we present a new formulation using the time-domain electric field integral equation (TD-EFIE) to obtain transient scattering responses from arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional conducting bodies. The time derivative of the magnetic vector potential is approximated with a central finite difference and the scalar potential is time-averaged by dividing it into two terms. This approach with an implicit method using a central difference results in accurate and stable transient scattering responses from conducting objects.