Calibration and correction methods for analog-to-digital converters: State of the art

In this paper several calibration and correction methods for major class of analog-to-digital converters (ADC) are described, such as parallel (flash) ADCs, pipeline ADCs, successive approximation ADCs, delta-sigma ADCs. Various types of the methods have been developed, which have markedly improved the figure of merits by alleviating margins for device variations. The above methods not only overcome a circuit´s weak points but also give the directions to develop new circuit and system topologies.