On the evaluation of interpreted robot intentions in human-robot poker game

This paper presents how human interprets robot intention by its verbal and nonverbal communication in poker game. A poker playing robot to socially interact with humans should exhibit intentionality in the sense that it makes the human believe that it has beliefs, desires and intentions. The experiment was designed to measure the interpreted intention and perceived emotion according to the role of nonverbal behaviors, which means substitution, complementation and contradiction for verbal messages. The result showed significant effects of the robot nonverbal behavior in mixed communication with verbal messages. The robot nonverbal behaviors can substitute their corresponding verbal messages. Its nonverbal behaviors complement the verbal messages meaning that participants perceived these communications are congruence. In the case of contradiction, the participants recognized the contradictory nonverbal behaviors as incongruence.