Human performance considerations for a Mars mission

If astronauts are expected to perform at peak levels on the Martian surface after 5 months of interplanetary travel, and resume normal, active lifestyles upon their return to earth after a total of 31 months of space exploration, a serious effort must be made toward keeping them healthy during each phase. Bone loss is one of the most difficult problems to prevent and recover from. The musculature and cardiovascular systems are significantly more resilient. This paper gives an overview of the human performance issues that must be addressed in planning and preparing for a successful human mission to Mars. Physiological and psychological effects and countermeasures are discussed, as well as crew capabilities and limitations. Human factors design recommendations are given, and crew working volume estimates are considered